art market: The rise of London: …example was followed by engraver John Boydell, who became the greatest print merchant of Georgian London. In 1786 Boydell initiated a project known as the Shakespeare Gallery, a collection illustrating the works of the Bard of Avon and involving artists such as Sir Joshua Reynolds, Henry Fuseli, John Opie, and…

Joseph Boyden is a Canadian novelist and short-story writer whose work focuses on the historical and contemporary experience of First Nations peoples of northern Ontario. He became widely known in Canada following the publication of his debut novel, Three Day Road (2005), which won numerous awards

Newark: History: …greatly from the inventiveness of Seth Boyden, who, regarded by Thomas Edison as one of the greatest American inventors, came to Newark from Massachusetts in 1815 and developed a process for making patent leather (1818). He is credited as the first producer of malleable cast iron (1826) and as a…

Shamokin, city, Northumberland county, east-central Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along Shamokin Creek. Founded in 1835 by the coal speculators John C. Boyd and Ziba Bird, it was early known as Boyd’s Stone-coal Quarry, Boydtown, and New Town. The present name, selected by Boyd, is a derivation of one

Karin Boye was a poet, novelist, and short-story writer who is considered to be one of the leading poets of Swedish modernism. She studied at the universities of Uppsala and Stockholm, became a leading figure in the Clarté Socialist movement inspired by the French novelist Henri Barbusse, and

Karin Boye was a poet, novelist, and short-story writer who is considered to be one of the leading poets of Swedish modernism. She studied at the universities of Uppsala and Stockholm, became a leading figure in the Clarté Socialist movement inspired by the French novelist Henri Barbusse, and

Charles Boyer was a French American stage and motion-picture actor known as the prototypical suave Gallic lover. Though committed to an acting career in his teens, Boyer nevertheless acceded to his mother’s request that he graduate from the Sorbonne (with a degree in philosophy) before studying

recombinant DNA: Invention of recombinant DNA technology: Cohen, Herbert W. Boyer, and Paul Berg. In the early 1970s Berg carried out the first successful gene-splicing experiment, in which he combined DNA from two different viruses to form a recombinant DNA molecule. Boyer and Cohen then took the next step of inserting recombinant DNA…

Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, marquis d’Argens was a French writer who helped disseminate the skeptical ideas of the Enlightenment by addressing his polemical writings on philosophy, religion, and history to a popular readership. Argens’s writings simplified the unorthodox empirical reasoning of such

Jean-Pierre Boyer was a politician and soldier who served as president of Haiti in 1818–43 and tried unsuccessfully to stop a severe decline in the Haitian economy. Boyer, a mulatto (of mixed African and European descent), was educated in France. He served with the mulatto leader Alexandre Sabès

Paul D. Boyer was an American biochemist who, with John E. Walker, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1997 for their explanation of the enzymatic process involved in the production of the energy-storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which fuels the metabolic processes of the

Paul D. Boyer was an American biochemist who, with John E. Walker, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1997 for their explanation of the enzymatic process involved in the production of the energy-storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which fuels the metabolic processes of the

Douglas Dunn: …collections Secret Villages (1985) and Boyfriends and Girlfriends (1995). He edited a number of anthologies, notably The Oxford Book of Scottish Short Stories (1995) and The Faber Book of Twentieth Century Scottish Poetry (2006). Dunn was created an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2003. He…

Leo Tolstoy: First publications of Leo Tolstoy: … he soon added Otrochestvo (1854; Boyhood) and Yunost (1857; Youth). A number of stories center on a single semiautobiographical character, Dmitry Nekhlyudov, who later reappeared as the hero of Tolstoy’s novel Resurrection. In “Lyutsern” (1857; “Lucerne”), Tolstoy uses the diary form first to relate an incident, then to reflect on…

Richard Linklater: Before Sunset, Before Midnight, and Boyhood: Linklater’s following film, Boyhood (2014), was an ambitious undertaking that was filmed in short bursts over a 12-year period to tell a story of a six-year-old coming of age in real time. Linklater earned a Golden Globe Award for best director for his work on the project, and…

Pappy Boyington was an American World War II flying ace who shot down 28 enemy Japanese planes, organized the legendary Black Sheep Squadron in the South Pacific in 1943, and was awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor. Boyington, a 1934 graduate of the University of Washington, enlisted in the U.S. Marine

Pappy Boyington was an American World War II flying ace who shot down 28 enemy Japanese planes, organized the legendary Black Sheep Squadron in the South Pacific in 1943, and was awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor. Boyington, a 1934 graduate of the University of Washington, enlisted in the U.S. Marine

Chicago Water Tower: William Boyington designed both the pumping works building on the opposite side of Michigan Avenue (then Pine Street) and the Water Tower that houses the standpipe. Both buildings were constructed with yellow Joliet limestone, a very popular building material in the city at the time.…

Fenian cycle: An early tale, The Boyish Exploits of Finn (Macgnímartha Finn), tells how, after Cumhaill (Cool), chief of the Fianna, is killed, his posthumous son is reared secretly in a forest and earns the name Finn (“The Fair”) by his exploits. He grows up to triumph over his father’s…

plea bargaining: History of plea bargaining in the United States: …guilty pleas were voluntary (Boykin v. Alabama). Judges now ensure that guilty pleas are voluntary by querying defendants in court.

Otis Boykin was an African American electrical engineer and inventor whose improvements to resistors—components that resist the flow of electrical current—helped advance the function control of electronic circuits in a variety of products, including televisions and computers. One of Boykin’s

Otis Boykin was an African American electrical engineer and inventor whose improvements to resistors—components that resist the flow of electrical current—helped advance the function control of electronic circuits in a variety of products, including televisions and computers. One of Boykin’s

Minim: …Gaspar de Bono and Father Bernard Boyl (Buil). Father Boyl accompanied Columbus on his second voyage to America and was the first apostolic delegate to America.

Josephine Jacobsen was a Canadian-born American poet and short-story writer. Soon after her birth, Jacobsen moved with her family from Canada to the United States. She began writing poetry as a child, and her first poem was published when she was 11 years old. Jacobsen was educated by tutors and at

Boyle’s law, a relation concerning the compression and expansion of a gas at constant temperature. This empirical relation, formulated by the physicist Robert Boyle in 1662, states that the pressure (p) of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (v) at constant temperature; i.e.,

Danny Boyle is a British director and screenwriter whose films are known for their bold visual imagery and exuberant energy. Boyle’s notable movies include Trainspotting (1996), 28 Days Later (2002), Slumdog Millionaire (2008), and 127 Hours (2010). Boyle began his career in the theater, serving as

Edward Boyle was a British politician who served as Britain’s minister of education (1962–64) and was a leading representative of the liberal wing of the British Conservative Party. Educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford, Boyle worked in journalism while attempting to enter

Edward Boyle was a British politician who served as Britain’s minister of education (1962–64) and was a leading representative of the liberal wing of the British Conservative Party. Educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford, Boyle worked in journalism while attempting to enter

Kay Boyle was an American writer and political activist noted throughout her career as a keen and scrupulous student of the interior lives of characters in desperate situations. Boyle grew up mainly in Europe, where she was educated. Financial difficulties at the onset of World War I took the

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: …and starring Bill Murray and Peter Boyle. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas was adapted by Terry Gilliam as a film, released in 1998, starring Johnny Depp and Benicio Del Toro. As to whether the book is fiction or journalism, Thompson once told an interviewer, “I never have quite figured…

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: …and starring Bill Murray and Peter Boyle. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas was adapted by Terry Gilliam as a film, released in 1998, starring Johnny Depp and Benicio Del Toro. As to whether the book is fiction or journalism, Thompson once told an interviewer, “I never have quite figured…

Richard Boyle, 1st earl of Cork was an English colonizer of Munster (southwestern Ireland) who became one of the most powerful landed and industrial magnates in 17th-century Ireland. Educated at the University of Cambridge, Boyle went to Ireland in 1588. He became subescheator under Ireland’s

Robert Boyle was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher and theological writer, a preeminent figure of 17th-century intellectual culture. He was best known as a natural philosopher, particularly in the field of chemistry, but his scientific work covered many areas including hydrostatics, physics,

Susan Boyle is a Scottish singer whose appearance on the British television talent show Britain’s Got Talent in 2009 transformed her into an international phenomenon. Boyle grew up in Blackburn, a small Scottish industrial town, as the youngest of nine children. Because of complications during her

United Mine Workers of America: (“Tony”) Boyle (1963–72), was convicted of conspiracy in the 1969 murder of the insurgent union leader Joseph Yablonski and his wife and daughter. Richard Trumka restored a degree of order and democracy to the UMWA upon his election to the presidency in 1982.

United Mine Workers of America: (“Tony”) Boyle (1963–72), was convicted of conspiracy in the 1969 murder of the insurgent union leader Joseph Yablonski and his wife and daughter. Richard Trumka restored a degree of order and democracy to the UMWA upon his election to the presidency in 1982.

Willard Boyle was a physicist who was awarded, with American physicist George E. Smith, the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009 for their invention of the charge-coupled device (CCD). They shared the prize with physicist Charles Kao, who discovered how light could be transmitted through fibre-optic

Willard Boyle was a physicist who was awarded, with American physicist George E. Smith, the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009 for their invention of the charge-coupled device (CCD). They shared the prize with physicist Charles Kao, who discovered how light could be transmitted through fibre-optic

René Boylesve was a French novelist noted for his social histories set in the Touraine region of west-central France from 1870 to 1900. Boylesve was educated in Poitiers, Tours, and Paris. His studies of both liberal and fine arts, of science, and of law did not lead to his entering a profession.

Boston Marathon bombing of 2013: The attacks: …on the north side of Boylston Street. Roughly 12 seconds later a second bomb exploded some 600 feet (180 metres) from the first. It too was planted on the north side of Boylston Street amid a crowd of onlookers. First responders reacted immediately, and a medical tent that had been…

Zabdiel Boylston was a physician who introduced smallpox inoculation into the American colonies. Inoculation consisted of collecting a small quantity of pustular material from a person with smallpox and introducing it into the arm of one who had not had the disease. The result was usually a mild

art fraud: Prosecution and embarrassment: The Boymans-van Beuningen Museum in Rotterdam, Netherlands, was forced to acknowledge that its “Vermeer” Supper at Emmaus was actually a forgery painted in the 1930s by van Meegeren, but the museum admitted that only after the forger himself, in the context of another investigation, had revealed…

Boann, in Irish mythology, sacred river personified as a mother goddess. With Dagda (or Daghda), chief god of the Irish, she was the mother of Mac ind Óg (“Young Son” or “Young Lad”), known also as Oenghus; mother, father, and son together formed one version of the divine triad familiar from Celtic

Battle of the Boyne, (July 1, 1690), in British history, a major conflict fought along the Boyne River in Ireland between King William III (William of Orange) and the exiled king James II. Having been deposed and exiled after William’s landing at Brixham and subsequent English desertions, James II

John Boyne is an Irish author known for his novels, particularly The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (2006), a story that takes place during the Holocaust and follows the friendship between a German boy and a Jewish boy who is a prisoner at the Auschwitz concentration camp. The novel was adapted into a

River Boyne, river rising in the Bog of Allen, County Kildare, Ireland, and flowing 70 miles (110 km) northeast to enter the Irish Sea just below Drogheda. Neolithic passage graves at Knowth, Newgrange, and Dowth are of archaeological significance, and nearby in the Boyne valley is Tara, seat of

Johann Christian, baron von Boyneburg was a German statesman and man of learning who worked for a balance of power between the Habsburg emperor and the other German princes and for a solution of the Roman Catholic–Lutheran–Calvinist conflict. Brought up as a Lutheran, Boyneburg studied at Jena

Freedom Rides: …responding to the Supreme Court’s Boynton v. Virginia decision of 1960, which extended the earlier ruling to include bus terminals, restrooms, and other facilities associated with interstate travel, a group of seven African Americans and six whites left Washington, D.C., on May 4, 1961, on a Freedom Ride in two…

Boyoma Falls, seven cataracts in the Lualaba River, central Congo (Kinshasa). The falls extend for 60 miles (100 km) along a curve of the river between Ubundu and Kisangani. The total fall in the river’s elevation is about 200 feet (60 m), and the seventh and largest cataract is 800 yards (730 m)

Michel Baron was a French actor, from 1670 until his retirement in 1691 the undisputed master of the French stage. The child of theatrical parents, he was orphaned at a young age and joined the company of children known as the Petits Comédiens du Dauphin. He joined Molière’s company in 1670 and was

the Shirelles: …songs—“Baby It’s You” and “Boys”—on their debut album. The Shirelles broke up in the late 1960s but re-formed later for “oldies” shows. Remembered for their sweet, gospel-tinged harmonies, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.

Alabama Shakes: The full-length Boys & Girls was released in April 2012 and sold a remarkable 500,000 copies. Characterized by a Southern rock sound, the album earned the band three Grammy Award nominations, and the single “Hold On” topped Rolling Stone magazine’s list of best songs of 2012.

Nigel Dennis: title A Sea Change), Dennis explored the Adlerian notion that each individual’s personality adapts to fit the social context. Both Cards of Identity and A House in Order (1966) retained some of his original concerns. The Making of Moo, a satirical play on the psychological power…

the Cure: Formation and early years: …along with the singles “Boys Don’t Cry,” “Jumping Someone Else’s Train,” and the controversial “Killing an Arab,” whose title was taken from an excerpt from The Stranger (1942) by French author Albert Camus.

the Cure: Formation and early years: …band’s first North American release, Boys Don’t Cry (1980), along with the singles “Boys Don’t Cry,” “Jumping Someone Else’s Train,” and the controversial “Killing an Arab,” whose title was taken from an excerpt from The Stranger (1942) by French author Albert Camus.

Hilary Swank: …role of Brandon Teena in Boys Don’t Cry. In preparation for the part, Swank spent several weeks living as a man.

Franklin J. Schaffner: Better received was The Boys from Brazil (1978), a thriller based on the Ira Levin best seller. Laurence Olivier gave an Oscar-nominated performance as a Nazi-hunting Jewish survivor of the death camps, and Gregory Peck was cast against type as Josef Mengele, trying to clone Adolf Hitler. Schaffner’s…

New Comedy: Rodgers and Hart’s The Boys from Syracuse (1938) is a musical version of Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors, which in turn is based on Plautus’s Menaechmi and Amphitruo, which are adaptations of Greek New Comedy. See also comedy.

Edmund Wilson: …about art and neurosis; and The Boys in the Back Room (1941), a discussion of such new American novelists as John Steinbeck and James M. Cain. In addition to reviewing books for The New Yorker in the 1940s, Wilson also contributed major articles to the magazine until the year of…

William Friedkin: …earned generally positive reviews for The Boys in the Band (1970), a controversial drama that presented a frank look at homosexuality. Adapted from Mart Crowley’s 1968 play about gay men at a birthday party, the film featured all the members of the Off-Broadway cast.

Nick Cave: …front man for the bands the Birthday Party and the Bad Seeds. He is best known for his haunting ballads about life, love, betrayal, and death.

Paul McCartney: Wings and solo career: …childhood on his 2026 album, The Boys of Dungeon Lane. A few of its songs recounted his early days with the Beatles, and he reunited with Starr on the track “Home to Us.” The album was welcomed by critics as more than just a nostalgic reverie. Noting McCartney’s matchless songwriting,…

Duke Snider: …field on the famed “Boys of Summer” Brooklyn Dodgers teams of the 1950s.

baseball: Baseball and the arts: Roger Kahn’s Boys of Summer (1972) recaptures the splendid 1952 season of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Former pitcher Jim Bouton’s Ball Four: My Life and Hard Times Throwing the Knuckleball in the Big Leagues (1970) is a funny and honest recounting of the daily life of a major…

Wilfrid Sheed: … (1963), Transatlantic Blues (1978), and The Boys of Winter (1987). Among his nonfiction books are Frank and Maisie: A Memoir with Parents (1985), the biographies Muhammad Ali (1975) and Clare Boothe Luce (1982), the essay collections The Good Word & Other Words (1978) and Essays in Disguise (1990), and

Herbert Ross: Last Films: …theatrical release was the well-received Boys on the Side (1995), with Whoopi Goldberg, Drew Barrymore, and Mary-Louise Parker starring as three women whose fates become intertwined when they agree to travel on a cross-country car ride. The film garnered strong reviews and attracted a considerable audience, accomplishments that few of…

Boys Town, village, Douglas county, eastern Nebraska, U.S. It is the site of the renowned child-care facility (called Girls and Boys Town from 2000 to 2007) established in 1917 by Father Edward J. Flanagan in Omaha and dedicated to the care of homeless boys. The community, which now covers 900

Catholic imagination: Catholic imagination in film: In the heartwarming Boys Town (1938), Spencer Tracy won his second consecutive Oscar for best actor for his role as Father Flanagan, a priest who believes that all people can be redeemed and all children are worthy of love. Bing Crosby starred as a priest in two Leo…

Les Murray: The Boys Who Stole the Funeral (1979) is a sequence of 140 sonnets about a pair of boys who surreptitiously remove a man’s body from a Sydney funeral home for burial in his native Outback. Murray’s poetry collections Dog Fox Field (1990), The Rabbiter’s Bounty…

Junior Achievement, international nonprofit educational organization that encourages early exposure of young people to business techniques through widely used curricula and after-school programs. By the early 21st century, Junior Achievement had offices in more than 120 countries. In 2004 the JA

children’s company, any of a number of troupes of boy actors whose performances enjoyed great popularity in Elizabethan England. The young actors were drawn primarily from choir schools attached to the great chapels and cathedrals, where they received musical training and were taught to perform in

Sir Charles Vernon Boys was an English physicist and inventor of sensitive instruments, known particularly for his utilization of the torsion of quartz fibres in the measurement of minute forces. This technique was applied in connection with his radiomicrometer (1888) for measuring radiant heat and

boysenberry: …the early 1920s by horticulturist Rudolph Boysen of Anaheim, California, who later turned it over to farmer Walter Knott for commercial development (see Knott’s Berry Farm). Although the short shelf life of the boysenberry led to its decline in commercial popularity, it is still frequently grown in home gardens and…

boysenberry, a very large bramble fruit, considered to be a variety of blackberry (Rubus ursinus). Possibly a cross between a blackberry and a loganberry or red raspberry or both, the dark reddish black fruit has a sweet and tangy flavor and is especially valued for canning and preserving and for

Lisbon: The Age of Discovery: …was begun in 1502 by Diogo de Boytac (Boitaca), an architect of French origin, and was not finished until the end of the century. Four other architects worked on the project, their styles passing from the Gothic through the Renaissance to the Baroque. Smoothed by time, the ensemble is harmonious…

Boyz II Men, American vocal quartet that emerged in the 1990s and became one of the most successful rhythm-and-blues groups, dominating the charts during the first half of the decade. The members of Boyz II Men grew up in separate neighborhoods of Philadelphia and came together as high-school

John Singleton: …known for his directorial debut, Boyz n the Hood (1991).

boza, a thick, fermented malt drink made from corn, wheat, millet, or bulgur (depending on location), with a subtle tart, tangy taste and a very low alcohol content. Drinks fermented from indigenous cereals have been known in Anatolia and neighbouring regions for thousands of years. and from there

Bozeman, city, seat (1867) of Gallatin county, southern Montana, U.S. It lies at the southern end of the Gallatin River valley. First settled in 1864 and known locally as Missouri, it was renamed for wagon master and trail guide John M. Bozeman, who guided the first settlers into the Gallatin

John M. Bozeman: …was the creator of the Bozeman Trail to the gold-rush towns of western Montana in the 1860s.

John M. Bozeman was the creator of the Bozeman Trail to the gold-rush towns of western Montana in the 1860s. Little is known of Bozeman’s life in Georgia, other than that he left his wife and two children there in 1861 to try his luck at mining in Colorado. The following year, he moved to Montana,

Bolzano, city, Trentino–Alto Adige regione, northern Italy. The city lies at the juncture of the Talvera (Talfer) and Isarco (Eisack) rivers just northeast of their confluence with the Adige (Etsch), north of Trento. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains and opens to the south onto a

Trentino–Alto Adige/Südtirol: …comprising the province (provinces) of Bolzano-Bozen (north) and Trento (south). Historically, the region includes the area of the medieval ecclesiastical principalities of Trento (Trent) and Bressanone (Brixen), which were later contested between the counts of Tirol and Venice. Passing to Italy after World War I

Blondie: …pair—also longtime romantic partners—recruited drummer Clem Burke, bassist Gary Valentine, and keyboardist Jimmy Destri. Later members included bassist Nigel Harrison and guitarist Frank Infante.

Central African Republic: The 21st century: François Bozizé. Bozizé’s transitional government oversaw the drafting of a new constitution that was approved in late 2004 and democratic elections in 2005, in which Bozizé was elected president.

buzkashī, a rugged equestrian game, played predominantly by Turkic peoples in northern Afghanistan, in which riders compete to seize and retain control of a goat or calf carcass. Buzkashī has two main forms: the traditional, grassroots game, known as tūdabarāy (Persian [Dari]: “coming out of the

10 Famous Clowns: From Comical to Creepy: Bozo the Clown: This fictional character appeared on various TV shows in the United States, most notably Bozo’s Circus (later The Bozo Show), which premiered in Chicago in 1959 and later was syndicated throughout the United States. The prototypical clown, Bozo sported fiery red hair…

Khosrow I: Reforms.: …a capable prime minister called Bozorgmehr, who became famous in story and legend for his wisdom and abilities.

Bostra, ruined Syrian city, 67 miles (108 km) south of Damascus. First a Nabataean city, it was conquered by the Roman emperor Trajan, made the capital of the Roman province of Arabia, and served as a key Roman fortress east of the Jordan River. The city eventually achieved the title metropolis

Markos Botsaris was an important leader early in the Greek War of Independence. Botsaris’ early years were spent in the struggle between the Souliots of southern Epirus (Modern Greek: Íperos) and Ali Paşa, who had made himself ruler of Ioánnina (Janina) in Epirus in 1788. After Ali Paşa succeeded

modeling: …should not be confused with bozzetti, small wax or clay models serving as preliminary sketches for large carvings, or maquettes, small, relatively finished models used to present proposals for monumental projects.

Peter Pindar: … James Boswell, satirized in his Bozzy and Piozzi (1786), and the painter Benjamin West. With some knowledge of art, he was at his best in attacks on painters; he became famous with his Lyric Odes to the Royal Academicians (1782–85).

BP PLC is a British energy company and one of the world’s largest oil and gas producers. Headquartered in London, the company operates in more than 60 countries and is engaged in petroleum and natural gas exploration, production, refining, transportation, marketing, and retailing, as well as

BP PLC is a British energy company and one of the world’s largest oil and gas producers. Headquartered in London, the company operates in more than 60 countries and is engaged in petroleum and natural gas exploration, production, refining, transportation, marketing, and retailing, as well as

BP PLC is a British energy company and one of the world’s largest oil and gas producers. Headquartered in London, the company operates in more than 60 countries and is engaged in petroleum and natural gas exploration, production, refining, transportation, marketing, and retailing, as well as

bisphenol A (BPA), a colourless crystalline solid belonging to the family of organic compounds; its molecular formula is C15H16O2. BPA is best known for its use in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, particularly those found in water bottles, baby bottles, and other beverage

Steve Biko: Education and activism: …of the founders of the Black People’s Convention, an umbrella organization of Black consciousness groups.

borderline personality disorder (BPD), mental illness characterized by chronic instability in the affected individual’s mood, relationships, and sense of identity. The term borderline was first brought into psychiatric terminology in 1938 by American psychoanalyst Adolph Stern. Stern used it to

Botswana: Botswana since independence: …behind a new party, the Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF), and Boko’s UDC coalition.

insurance: Business property insurance: …personal property coverage form” (BPP). This form permits a business owner to cover in one policy the buildings, fixtures, machinery and equipment, and personal property used in business and the personal property of others for which the business owner is responsible. Coverage also can be extended to insure newly…