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fermentation
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An ethanol production plant with large metal silos and white smoke rising from a stack, set behind a field of dry corn in South Dakota. Diagram showing the steps of glycolysis, beginning with glucose and ATP, progressing through intermediates like glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, and ending with the production of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. A detailed inset highlights the enzymatic reactions and energy transfers from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate.
Illustration of a flame overlaid on a vintage distillery, with drawings of wheat, sugar, and bubbles around it.
Figure 1: A schematic representation of the biogeochemical cycle of carbon. fermentation and distillation process for producing whiskey Illustrated diagram of the carbon cycle showing how carbon moves as carbon dioxide through the atmosphere, water, living organisms, rocks, and soil. It depicts processes like photosynthesis, respiration, sedimentation, volcanic activity, fossil fuel use, and carbon sequestration, with arrows indicating the flow between air, water, plants, animals, rocks, and industrial sources.
Behind the scenes: How Samuel Adams beer is made
A man wearing a hairnet and gloves pours a dark liquid into a lighter-colored vat.
The process of making sparkling wine explained
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fermentation: References & Edit History

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Modified link of Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Fermentation: improvement of pharmacological effects and applications of botanical drugs. Sep 18, 2026
Add new Web site: Frontiers - Frontiers in Pharmacology - Fermentation: improvement of pharmacological effects and applications of botanical drugs. Jul 22, 2026
Add new Web site: Biology LibreTexts - Fermentation. May 15, 2026
Add new Web site: Open Library Publishing Platform - Microbiology: Canadian Edition - Fermentation. Mar 30, 2026
Add new Web site: ABC listen - Blueprint for Living - The rich history of fermentation in Indigenous cultures. Jan 05, 2026
Add new Web site: IOPscience - Fermentation Based Sugar-Alcohol Downstream Processing: A Review. Nov 29, 2025
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Fermentation: improvement of pharmacological effects and applications of botanical drugs. Oct 02, 2025
Media added. Jul 24, 2025
Add new Web site: Mustansiriyah University - Fermentation Technology (PDF). Mar 27, 2025
Add new Web site: BCcampus Open Publishing - Concepts of Biology ? 1st Canadian Edition - Fermentation. Sep 12, 2024
Add new Web site: University of Minnesota Libraries - Vet Med: Applied GI Physiology - Supplemental Notes - Fermentation. Aug 01, 2024
Add new Web site: WebMD - What is food fermentation? Nov 07, 2023
Add new Web site: Open Oregon Educational Resources - Mt Hood Community College Biology 101 - Fermentation: An Anaerobic Process. Sep 29, 2023
Add new Web site: Nature - Yeast Fermentation and the Making of Beer and Wine. Mar 31, 2023
Add new Web site: OpenStax - Microbiology - Fermentation. Jan 05, 2023
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - The Role of Yeasts in Fermentation Processes. Nov 09, 2022
Removed media. Nov 16, 2021
Added cross-references. May 06, 2020
Add new Web site: Healthline - What is Fermentation? The Lowdown on Fermented Foods. Dec 09, 2019
Corrected display issue. Dec 28, 2017
Add new Web site: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations - Fermented Foods: An Ancient Tradition. Jan 18, 2017
Add new Web site: Exploratorium - Science of Cooking - Fermentation and Food. Jan 18, 2017
Add new Web site: Khan Academy - Fermentation and Anaerobic Respiration. Feb 04, 2016
Added video that describes the role controlled spoilage has played in the development of cuisine. Nov 25, 2015
Clarified opening sentence to mention anaerobic breakdown of molecules and added mention of the role of fermentation in the production of ethyl alcohol for liquid biofuel. Jun 12, 2015
Added a photo of an ethanol fuel plant in South Dakota. Jun 12, 2015
Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Fermentation. May 07, 2013
New illustration added. Jan 15, 2009
Added new Web site: National Women's History Museum - Biography of Lucretia Coffin Mott. Jul 20, 2008
Article revised and updated. Nov 08, 2007
Added new Web site: Pennsylvania Center for the Book - Lucretia Mott. Aug 10, 2007
Article added to new online database. Jul 20, 1998
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