crystal: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- Gustav Tammann
- amphiboleCrystal structure
- beryl
- boneChemical composition and physical properties
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- calciteCrystal structure
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- caveDepositional materials and features
- ceramic composition and propertiesCrystal structure
- nuclear ceramicsNuclear fuel
- dolomiteCrystal structure
- feldsparChemical composition
- feldspathoidPhysical properties
- frost
- electronicsCompound semiconductor materials
- garnetCrystal structure
- electronicsValence electrons
- metallurgyMetallic crystal structures
- micaCrystal structure
- geologyMineralogy
- mineralMorphology
- mineralExamining crystal structures
- olivineCrystal structure
- pyroxeneCrystal structure
- rare-earth elementCrystal structures
- rockTexture
- semiconductor deviceElectronic properties
- silica mineralPhysical and chemical properties
- climateSnow and sleet
- solid
- datingImportance of zircon in uranium-lead dating
- anisotropy
- cleavage
- condensed-matter physics
- enantiomer
- high-pressure phenomenaThe diamond-anvil cell
- chemical bondingThe Born-Haber cycle
- rockTypes of remanent magnetization
- Miller indices
- optical crystallography
- mechanicsCoupled oscillators
- phonon
- materials scienceCrystalline materials
- mechanics of solidsDislocations
- pleochroism
- point group
- silica mineralQuartz
- radiationCrystal-lattice effects
- slip
- solid solution
- space group
- symmetry
- principles of physical scienceSymmetry
- thermal expansion
- radiation measurementThermoluminescent materials
- twinning
- vacancy
- spectroscopyApplications
- electromagnetic radiationX-rays
Additional Reading
Works on solids in general include Lawrence H. Van Vlack, Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, 6th ed. (1989), an elementary textbook; Charles Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th ed. (2005), a standard college textbook; and Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals, 3rd ed. (1960, reissued 1989), a classic work on chemical bonding.
For crystalline solids in particular, Alan Holden and Phylis Morrison, Crystals and Crystal Growing (1960, reissued 1982), is a readable illustrated treatment; Richard P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics: From Crystal Structure to Magnetism, vol. 3 (1999), is also highly accessible as a sound recording.
Richard Dalven, Introduction to Applied Solid State Physics, 2nd ed. (1990), is an intermediate-level textbook on semiconductors and semiconducting devices.
Books on magnetism include David Jiles, Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2nd. ed. (1998); and Robert C. O’Handley, Modern Magnetic Materials: Principles and Applications (2000).
Fullerenes are reviewed in Wanda Andreoni, The Physics of Fullerene-Based and Fullerene-Related Materials (2000); and Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Gene Dresselhaus, and Phaedon Avouris (eds.), Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications (2001).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invalidated site: Mustansiriyah University - Crystal Structure (PDF). | Oct 16, 2026 | ||
| Media added. | Apr 17, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: OpenStax - University Physics Volume 3 - Bonding in Crystalline Solids. | Apr 09, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: DigitalCommons at University of Nebraska - Lincoln - Crystal Structure and DzyaloshinskiMoriya Micromagnetics (PDF). | Nov 07, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Indiana Unversity Pressbooks - Virtual Chemistry Experiments - The Structure of Crystalline Solids. | Jul 19, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Mustansiriyah University - Crystal Structure (PDF). | Apr 10, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: California Institute of Technology - The Feynman Lectures on Physics - The Internal Geometry of Crystals. | Feb 28, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: CORE - Generalized Symmetry in Crystal Physics. | Nov 23, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Sri Venkateswara College Of Engineering - Crystal Physics. | Oct 12, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: London's Global University - Crystal Structure. | Jul 16, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of California Berkeley - College of Natural Resources - What is a Crystal? | Jun 08, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Nebraska�Lincoln - Crystal Structure. | Jun 16, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Live Science - Crystal healing: Stone-cold facts about gemstone treatments. | Sep 13, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: International Gem Society - What is a Crystal? | Mar 05, 2021 | ||
| Add new Web site: Chemicool - Definition of Crystal. | Dec 04, 2019 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Aug 09, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Chemistry LibreTexts - Introduction to Crystals. | Jul 31, 2019 | ||
| Media added. | Apr 22, 2016 | ||
| Caption of image showing small and large crystals changed from "large crystals of a mineral called beryl" to "large crystals made of selenite or gypsum." | Sep 22, 2011 | ||
| Photo comparing the tiny minerals in dunite to large crystals of beryl added. | Aug 02, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: How Stuff Works - Science - Crystal. | Jun 23, 2011 | ||
| Moved video to top of article. | Feb 09, 2011 | ||
| Added diagrams depicting various types of crystal bonding and movement of an electron hole. | Oct 27, 2010 | ||
| Added video describing crystallization. | Sep 16, 2010 | ||
| Added new Web site: YES Mag - Crystal Gardens. | Apr 25, 2007 | ||
| Bibliography revised. | Sep 29, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Jun 21, 2000 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 26, 1999 |