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How do FSH and LH control ovulation and the menstrual cycle?

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Front view anatomical diagrams of the male and female reproductive systems, with labeled organs including penis, testis, prostate gland, uterus, ovary, and vagina. — human reproductive system Organs and structures of the male and female reproductive systems.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are gonadotropic hormones produced by the pituitary gland that work in sequence to regulate the menstrual cycle and ovulation.312

FSH: Secreted primarily during the first half of the cycle, FSH stimulates the development of the graafian follicle within the ovary. As the follicle ripens, it secretes estrogen, which thickens the uterine lining.12
LH: LH levels peak at mid-cycle. This surge triggers ovulation, the release of the egg from the follicle. Following ovulation, LH promotes the transformation of the empty follicle into the corpus luteum, an endocrine gland that secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy.32

The hypothalamus controls the rhythm of these hormones by signaling the pituitary gland. Additionally, a negative feedback loop exists: rising estrogen levels inhibit FSH output, while progesterone is believed to inhibit further LH secretion, ensuring the cycle remains regulated.24