Dress codes
Whether we acknowledge them or not, dress codes impact just about everyoneâs daily life. From the âno shirt, no shoes, no serviceâ signs in businesses (popular in the 1960s and â70s in reaction to the rise of hippies) to COVID-19 pandemic mask mandates, employer and military restrictions on tattoos and hairstyles, and school uniforms commonly mandated in private schoolsâdress codes are more prevalent than we might think. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Just a casual glance at the news will reflect a wide array of stories dealing with dress codes:
- In December 2024, top-ranked chess player Magnus Carlsen left the World Rapid and Blitz Chess Championships after refusing to change out of his jeans, which violated the International Chess Federationâs dress code.[48]
- In November 2025, U.S. Secretary of Transportation Sean Duffy went on a publicity campaign to âbring civility backâ to travel, suggesting we âgo back to an era where we didnât wear our pajamas to the airport.â[52]
- In February 2026, Norwegian Cruise Line faced harsh backlash after it banned the wearing of shorts, flip-flops, and other casual wear (like tank tops, hoodies, robes, baseball caps, and ripped jeans) in six of the shipâs ritzier restaurantsâcausal attire was still permissible in the shipâs buffets, cafes, and less formal restaurants.[53]
- In March 2026, the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo responded to complaints on social media from parents outraged at the skimpy outfits allowed at the supposedly family event by announcing a new dress code, which banned outfits with âexcessively torn clothâ or that âexposes excessive portions of the skinâ or gang names, signs, and symbols.[57]
- Also in March 2026, the upscale Ruthâs Chris Steak House announced it would be enforcing a strict dress code in its dining areas, banning ball caps, gym wear, pool attire, tank tops, clothing with offensive graphics or language, revealing clothing, or exposed undergarments. When customers complained on social media, the Chiliâs restaurant chain reminded the public, âThe only dress code at Chiliâs is that you have to be dressed.â [58]
While itâs difficult to pinpoint the first dress codeâhumans started wearing clothes about 170,000 years agoânearly every culture and country throughout history, formally or informally, have had strictures on what to wear and not to wear. These dress codes have been common âcultural signifiers,â reflecting social beliefs and cultural values, most often of the social class dominating the culture.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
In the West, people were arrested and imprisoned as early as ââ1565 in England for violating dress codes. The man in question, a servant named Richard Walweyn, was arrested for wearing âa very monsterous and outraygeous great payre of hoseâ (meaning trunk hose, the short ballooning breeches extending from the waist to mid-thigh, worn by men in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries) and was imprisoned until he could show that he owned other hose âof a decent & lawfull facyon.â Other dress codes of the time reserved expensive garments made of silk, fur, and velvet for nobility only, highlighting how dress codes have been implemented for purposes of social distinction. [7] [8]
Informal dress codesâsuch as high-fashion clothes with logos and the unofficial âMidtown Uniformâ (consisting of slacks, a dress shirt, and a vest) commonly worn by men working in finance in Midtown Manhattanâunderscore how often dress codes have been used to mark and maintain visual distinctions between classes and occupations; a doctorâs white coat and a nurseâs blue scrubs, for example, are iconic (though evolving) dress styles in healthcare, often used to help patients identify roles within a hospital and medical team. Other dress codes have been enacted to overtly police morality, as with the bans on bobbed hair and short flapper dresses in the 1920s. Still other dress codes are intended to spur an atmosphere of inclusiveness and professionalism or to maintain safety in the workplace. Colors often play a pivotal role in these dress codes, as in the orange vests of construction workers and yellow-lime fluorescent coverings worn by traffic, roadway, and emergency personnelâboth are âhi-visâ (high-visibility) safety apparel common to the dress codes of these professions.[7] [8] [11]
Formal dress codes are often encountered at work, whether business casual in offices or coordinated colors in retail settings. Starbucks, for example, implemented a new 2025 âdress code [that] requires employees to wear only neutral solid colors (like black, navy, khaki and gray) under their green aprons. Their pants canât have any rips or frays and they can not wear more than one facial piercing or âtheatrical makeup.ââ[12]
Dress codes in K-12 schools are nearly universal, with kids and teens frequently mocking the âfingertipâ rule for shorts and skirts (the garments must be longer than the tips of the studentsâ fingers when their arms are hanging at their sides) or actively opposing policies such as strict hair-length requirements (as in Thailand, where students have been subjected to humiliating in-class haircuts by teachers). School uniform policies, common in private schools, are a stricter form of dress code that limits clothing to predetermined clothing items. [45] [46] [47]
Pros and Cons at a Glance
| PROS | CONS |
|---|---|
| Pro 1: Dress codes enforce decorum and a serious, professional atmosphere conducive to success. Read More. | Con 1: Dress codes can reinforce racist standards of beauty and dress and be tools of oppression. Read More. |
| Pro 2: Uniformly mandated dress codes promote safety. Read More. | Con 2: Mandated dress codes are seldom uniformly mandated, often discriminating against women and marginalized groups. Read More. |
| Pro 3: Dress codes promote inclusiveness and a comfortable, cooperative environment. Read More. | Con 3: Dress codes can bolster religious and cultural intolerance. Read More. |
Pro Arguments
(Go to Con Arguments)Pro 1: Dress codes enforce decorum and a serious, professional atmosphere conducive to success.
Dressing for success is a real thing. Research shows that the quality of work improves when performed by individuals who dress up. One study found that participants who wore formal business attire (such as suits) scored higher on cognitive tests, with specific increases in abstract thinking. [13] [14]
Another study compared negotiations completed by a group who dressed up and another group who dressed casually. The dressed-up group closed more profitable deals. [13] [14]
Study participants who wore a white lab coat or who were told a white coat was a doctorâs coat made 50 percent fewer mistakes on high-concentration tasks than people who did not wear a lab coat or who were told the white coat was an artistsâ smock. [13] [14]
High school athletes at St. Louis Park High School in Minnesota agreed that their teamsâ dress code days (which include dressing up on game days) positively contributed to team unity. Brendan Donahue, a hockey player, said that participating in dress code days better prepared him for games. He stated, âThe dress codes add a further feeling of connection, teamwork and bond by wearing the same thing. It acts as a uniform much like our jerseys. Our dress code of dressing up adds a feeling of professionalism to our team and sport.â [15]
Dress codes can even build and buttress cohesiveness in communities. In assorted religions, for example, head coverings (for men and women alike) are often recommended if not required to reflect and maintain the faithâs belief in modesty, humility, decorum, and spiritual obedience.
Pro 2: Uniformly mandated dress codes promote safety.
From chemistry labs to manufacturing jobs, some dress code requirements are obviously about safety. Many places require protective glasses, steel-toed boots, fire-resistant jackets, hard hats, or reflective vests, for example.[16] [17] [18]
Other items of clothing may be restricted for less obvious safety reasons. Leggings, for example, are frequently made from synthetic, flammable materials that could react with spilled chemicals and catch fire. Similarly, skin-baring clothing may also be banned around chemicals to prevent burns. [18]
Religious headscarves have been banned in some settings, such as prisons, because wearers could be strangled by the garments in an altercation. [16] [20] [21]
Still other dress codes, such as no full-face masks (like Halloween masks) allowed in movie theaters, are intended to help prevent shootings and other violence.[22]
Other clothing restrictions at schools and public places may seem arbitrary but are used to protect against gang activity. Colors, brands, and logos may be gang-affiliated in certain locations. As Lincoln Public Schools in Nebraska explained, âClothing and accessories associated with gangs and hate groups have the potential to disrupt the learning environment by bringing symbols that represent fear and intimidation of others into classrooms. The identification and prohibition of this clothing help decrease the impact of gangs and hate groups in school. These rules also protect students who are unaware they are wearing clothes with a gang or hate group affiliation.â [23]
Pro 3: Dress codes promote inclusiveness and a comfortable, cooperative environment.
As Bonneville Academy, a STEM school in Stansbury Park, Utah, explained, âThe primary objective of a school dress code is to build constant equality among all the students. When all the students wear the same style of dress, then there will be the same kind of atmosphere across the school campus. This pattern encourages the student to concentrate more on their academic and co-curricular activitiesâŠthen all the learning becomes more interesting and relevantâŠStudents who are used to dress[ing] properly will be well equipped to evolve into the actual world, especially when they enter into the ever-competitive job market.â [24]
Susan M. Heathfield, a management and organization development consultant, stated, âEmployees appreciate guidance about appropriate business attire for your workplaceâespecially when you specify a rationale for the dress code that your team has selected.â Simply knowing whether suits are required or jeans are appropriate removes guesswork for employees, which leads to a more comfortable work environment. Similarly, dress codes can make a disparate group of people feel like a teamâno one is left out or judged differently solely on the basis of the way they dress.[25] [26] [28]
Dress codes can also make workplace hierarchies friendlier and more work-conducive. A manager who dresses in suits with ties may intimidate employees who wear branded polo shirts and khakis, preventing effective communication. [28]
Further, dress codes mean employees and customers or clients wonât be distracted by individualistic clothing. For example, a customer of Nebraska State Bank & Trust Co. complained to the bankâs president about a branch employeeâs outfit of mismatched tunic and leggings, fringed boots, and large earrings. A customer complaint can not only alienate the customer but also distract employees from their tasks and potentially embarrass or shame the employee whose outfit sparked the complaint. [29]
Con Arguments
(Go to Pro Arguments)Con 1: Dress codes can reinforce racist standards of beauty and dress and be tools of oppression.
âBlack girls face unique dress and hair code burdens,â reports the National Womenâs Law Center. âFor example, some schools ban styles associated with Black girls and women, like hair wraps. Black girls also face adultsâ stereotyped perceptions that they are more sexually provocative because of their race, and thus more deserving of punishment for a low-cut shirt or short skirt.â [30]
Assistant Superintendent and Principal of Evanston Township High School Marcus Campbell spoke about changing an outdated dress code: âIf certain females were not a certain body type, if they had more curves or they had certain features that were developed, they were dress coded over another young lady who may not have the same features but were wearing the exact same items. Our young women of color were dress coded more than our white girls were. So we found it to be racist, we found it to be sexist, we found it to be antiquated. It was not body positive, and there was just trouble all around with our dress code, and we knew we needed to make a change.â [31]
Banning traditionally Black hairstyles goes back at least to tignon (scarf) laws passed after the Civil War, which required Black women to cover their hair with scarves so as to not compete with white women. But these rules continue today as Black girls and women arenât always allowed to wear their hair in braids, locs, or other styles suitable to Black hair texture. [7] [32]
Black male students are often âdress codedâ at schools for hoodies, low-rise or baggy pants, and do-rags. Black boys were also more likely to be disciplined (suspended, for example) for a dress code violation than non-Black students. [33]
As Dialectic, a company that counsels workplaces, concludes, âTraditional dress codes work to police certain kinds of bodies. They ensure that employees follow the practices of the dominant culture. Under the guise of professionalism, dress codes tend to punish marginalized groups of employees for refusing to conform.â [34]
Refusing to conform to dress codes can be a serious offense for women in religion-ruled countries. When Iranian college student Ahoo Daryaei stripped down to her underwear and walked through her campus, in an apparent protest of the ruling oligarchyâs mandatory hijab laws, she was arrested and sent to a psychiatric ward. Women in Afghanistan who refuse to wear the full-body covering can be pulled from public transportation, denied entrance to hospitals, and be arrested and jailed.[54]
Said Sahar Fetrat of Human Rights Watch, Afghanistanâs dress code for women âis part of the Talibanâs policy of controlling womenâs bodies to make women invisible . . . human rights experts have called this âgender apartheid.ââ An Afghan woman who protested the dress code and set a chadari on fire said, âI am a woman, not a shadow. Do not silence my voice. . . . I have the right to breathe, the right to see, and not cover my gaze.â[55] [56]
Con 2: Mandated dress codes are seldom uniformly mandated, often discriminating against women and marginalized groups.
The average dress code, whether for a school, workplace, public transportation, or other location, includes more rules for how girls and women should dress than how boys and men should dress.[35] [36]
Girls in school are frequently âdress-codedâ for âtoo shortâ shorts and skirts, âtoo thinâ tank top straps, leggings, and other clothing that might be a âdistraction to boys.â [36]
Fourth-grade teacher ââMarci Kutzer said these rules send a clear message to girls: âA boyâs education can be compromised by your gender. Please do what you can to neutralize it.â [36]
The problems follow women into the workplace. A leaked training presentation from Ernst & Young coached women to âlook healthy and fitâ with a âgood haircut, manicured nails, well-cut attire that complements your body type,â but not to wear too-short skirts because âsexuality scrambles the mind.â [37]
Dress codes also frequently exclude transgender and gender-nonconforming people as well as those outside of the gender binary and may force them to adhere to the codes for their sex assigned at birth. [35] [38]
Journalist Li Zhou explains, âTransgender students have been sent home for wearing clothing different than whatâs expected of their legal sex, while others have been excluded from yearbooks. Male students, using traditionally female accessories that fell within the bounds of standard dress code rules, and vice versa, have been nonetheless disciplined for their fashion choices.â Similarly, the Ernst & Young training excluded nonbinary and gender-nonconforming people. [35] [37]
Con 3: Dress codes can bolster religious and cultural intolerance.
Only in 2019 did the U.S. Congress change the 1837 rule that banned headwear of any sort, including religious headwear such as kippahs (yarmulkes), hijabs, and turbans. [39]
While the United States protects religious expression and cannot officially ban religious wear as France has banned burkas and hijabs, American dress codes frequently use âacceptabilityâ standards to less explicitly ban religious garb. [9] [40] [41]
For example, a five-year-old Native American boy in Texas was sent home for a dress code violation because he wore his hair in a long braid according to tribal religious code, which states hair must not be cut except when in mourning. And a Georgia State Representative tried (and failed) to add hijabs, niqabs, and burkas to an existing anti-masking law originally aimed at the Klu Klux Klan (KKK). [42] [43]
Until sued by Tvli Birdshead, then a high school senior and a member of five Native American tribes, the Latta School District in Oklahoma refused to allow Native American regalia on graduation day, which for Birdshead meant a Chickasaw Nation honor cord, a beaded cap, and a sacred eagle feather. The Native American Rights Fund has long battled to protect the cultural and religious rights of Native Americans against discriminatory school dress codes. [44] [27]
1-minute survey
After reading this debate, take our quick survey to see how this information affected your opinion of this topic. We appreciate your feedback.
Discussion questions
- Consider the official dress codes in your daily life. How are dress codes implemented in your school, workplace, and/or religious institutions? Do you find these appropriate? Restrictive? Explain your answer(s).
- Consider the unofficial dress codes in your life. What do your friends and family think is acceptable for various occasions? What do you wear when visiting a place of worship or to grandmaâs house for a special dinner? How do you dress differently when hanging around with friends than when going on a date? Do you find these formal and informal codes appropriate or restrictive? Explain your answer(s).
- If you have to choose one, would you prefer a uniform policy for school and work, just a dress code, or neither? Explain your answer.
- What questions do you have after reading the debate above? Where might you find answers?
- What was the most interesting thing you learned from this debate?
- Consider how you felt about the issue before reading this article. After reading the pros and cons on this topic, has your thinking changed? How and why?. If your thoughts have not changed, explain how and why you better understand the other side of the debate.
- Push for the position and policies you support by writing local officials, U.S. senators and representatives, or other people in a position to make the change you champion.
Sources
- Christopher Dolan and Lourdes De Armas, âNo Shoes, No Shirt, No Mask = No Serviceâ (February 11, 2021), dolanlawfirm.com
- Society for Human Resource Management, âMay Employers Have Dress Code Requirements That Prohibit All Visible Tattoos and Piercings?â (accessed March 3, 2022), shrm.org
- Workplace Fairness, âDress Codes and Groomingâ (accessed March 3, 2022), workplacefairness.org
- Corinn Jackson, âDear Littler: Can We Still Maintain Hairstyle and Personal Grooming Policies?â (December 9, 2019), littler.com
- Apeksha Bhateja, âDo Airlines Have the Right to Dictate Dress Codes?â (August 6, 2021), fodors.com
- University of Florida, âUF Study of Lice DNA Shows Humans First Wore Clothes 170,000 Years Agoâ (January 6, 2011), news.ufl.edu
- Rachelle Hampton, âWhen Wearing the Wrong Pants Could Land You in Prisonâ (February 10, 2021), slate.com
- Stanford University, âDress Codes: How the Laws of Fashion Made Historyâ (accessed March 4, 2022), stanford.edu
- Facing History, âDebating the Ban of the Veil in Public Schoolsâ (accessed March 3, 2022), facinghistory.org
- Facing History, âA Brief History of the Veil in Islamâ (accessed May 5, 2022), facinghistory.org
- Jake Flanagin, âWhy Are All These Business Bros Wearing the Same Vest?â (July 9, 2018), esquire.com
- Francesca Giangiulio, âStarbucks Workers Sue Over Dress Codeâ (September 23, 2025), teenvogue.com
- Matthew Hutson and Tori Rodriguez, âDress for Success: How Clothes Influence Our Performanceâ (January 1, 2016), scientificamerican.com
- Alyse Kalish, âThe Scientific Reason Why Dressing for Success Works (with a Twist, of Course)â (accessed March 2, 2022), themuse.com
- Alec Pittman, âSports Dress Codes Create Sense of Unityâ (December 27, 2016), slpecho.com
- Society for Human Resource Management, âManaging Employee Dress and Appearanceâ (accessed March 1, 2022), shrm.org
- Susan M. Heathfield, âPhotos of Acceptable Warehouse, Industrial, and Manufacturing Attire: The Dress Code for Warehouse and Similar Jobsâ (November 20, 2019), thebalancecareers.com
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, âLaboratory Dress Codeâ (accessed March 1, 2022), smhs.gwu.edu
- Chris Drew, â17 Surprising School Uniform Statistics, Facts & Dataâ (accessed March 6, 2025), helpfulprofessor.com
- Mari Schaefer, âDelaware County Prison Employees Lose Appeal on Head Scarvesâ (August 3, 2010), inquirer.com
- Maryclaire Dale, âCourt Says Pa. Prison Can Ban Muslim Scarfâ (August 2, 2010), nbcnews.com
- Reuters, âTwo US Movie Theater Chains Ban Masks at Screenings of âJokerââ (September 27, 2019), cnbc.com,
- Lincoln Public Schools, âIncreased Awareness of Dress Code Guidelines Related to Gangs, Hate Groupsâ (accessed March 1, 2022), lps.org
- Bonneville Academy, âWhat Are the Benefits of the School Dress Code?â (accessed March 2, 2022), bonnevilleacademy.org
- Susan M. Heathfield, âSample Dress Code Policy for Business Attireâ (September 29, 2019), thebalancecareers.com
- Maddie Grant and Tess C. Taylor, âShould Companies Relax Their Dress Codes?â (June 1, 2016), shrm.org
- Native American Rights Fund, âSchool Board Agrees to Amend Policy on Graduation Dress Codeâ (May. 7, 2019), narf.org
- Angie Shinn et al., âDress Codes in the Workplace: Effects on Organizational Cultureâ (2011), central.edu
- Theresa Agovino, âFashion Statementâ (May 18, 2019), shrm.org
- National Womenâs Law Center, âDress Coded: Black Girls, Bodies, and Bias in D.C. Schoolsâ (2018), nwlc.org
- Jennifer Gonzalez, âTime to Take a Look at Your Dress Codeâ (February 17, 2019), cultofpedagogy.com
- Claire Elise Katz, âYouâre Wearing That? From School Dress Codes to Rape Cultureâ (July 28, 2021), blog.apaonline.org
- Alyssa Pavlakis and Rachel Roegman, âHow Dress Codes Criminalize Males and Sexualize Females of Colorâ (September 24, 2018), kappanonline.org
- Dialectic, âHow Dress Codes Feed Systemic Racismâ (September 10, 2020), dialectic.solutions
- Li Zhou, âThe Sexism of School Dress Codesâ (October 20, 2015), theatlantic.com
- Kira Barrett, âWhen School Dress Codes Discriminateâ (July 24, 2018), nea.org
- Emily Peck, âWomen at Ernst & Young Instructed on How to Dress, Act Nicely around Menâ (October 21, 2019), huffpost.com
- Dana Wilkie, âWhen Do Dress Codes That Perpetuate Gender Stereotypes Cross the Line?â (March 18, 2019), shrm.org
- Tara Law, âCongressional Rule Change Allows Head Scarves, Religious Headwear on House Floorâ (January 6, 2019), time.com
- Cady Lang, âWho Gets to Wear a Headscarf? The Complicated History Behind Franceâs Latest Hijab Controversyâ (May 19, 2021), time.com
- Shaista Aziz, âFrance Is on a Dangerous Collision Course with Its Muslim Populationâ (February 5 2022), cnn.com
- Feliks Garcia, âUS State Bill Could Make Hijabs and Niqabs Illegal in Publicâ (November 17, 2016), independent.co.uk
- Lisa Suhay, âDress Code Flare Up: Native American Kindergartner Sent Home for Braidâ (September 2, 2014), csmonitor.com
- Oklahoma News 4, âSchool Officials: Native American Regalia Not Allowed at Graduation Ceremonyâ (April 9, 2019), kfor.com
- Matt Donnelly, âDress Codes and Uniforms in Public Schoolsâ (2024), ebsco.com
- Pennington Elementary School, âStudents: Information for Pennington Studentsâ (accessed November 14, 2025), pennington.mnps.org
- Kittiphum Sringammuang and Verena Hölzl, âWhy Many Students in Thailand Canât Let Their Hair Downâ (October 9, 2025), nytimes.com
- AP News, âNorwegian Chess Grandmaster Magnus Carlsen Quits a Tournament in a Dispute Over Jeansâ (December 28, 2024), apnews.com
- Deepa Parent, âIranian Women Could Face Death Penalty for Defying New Morality Lawsâ (December 11, 2024), theguardian.com
- Dee-Ann Durbin, âMore than 2,000 Starbucks Baristas Go On Strike to Protest New Dress Codeâ (May 15, 2025), apnews.com
- Chris Rosvoglou, âThe U.S. Is Taking Heat For Its Ryder Cup Gala Outfitsâ (September 24, 2025), sports.yahoo.com
- Claire Fahy, âSean Duffy Wants You to Stop Wearing PJs on the Planeâ (November 21, 2025), nytimes.com
- Chris Bradford, âNorwegian Cruise Line Slammed Over Dining Dress Code Change: âIdiotic Ruleââ (February. 20, 2026), nypost.com
- Jacqueline Howard, âIran Says Woman Detained After Undressing Released Without Chargeâ (November 19, 2024), bbc.com
- Fariba Akbari, Diaa Hadid, âFor Years the Taliban Told Women to Cover Up in Public. Now Theyâre Cracking Downâ (February 20, 2026), npr.org
- Amin Kawa, âBurqa or Cage: Women in Herat Rise Up Against Talibanâs Mandatory Veilâ (November 9, 2025), 8am.media
- Kyle McClenagan, âHouston Rodeo Makes âFamily-Friendlyâ Updates to Dress Code Following Weekend Fightsâ (March 17, 2026), houstonpublicmedia.org
- Kelly McGreal, âChiliâs Roasts Ruthâs Chris After Dress Code Controversy Ignites Online Outrageâ (March 22, 2026), aol.com

