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Row of unrecognizable men standing close together, all wearing dark business suits and dress shoes, shown from shoulders down. Dress codes A woman wearing a green chadaree, or burqa, holds a young child in an orange sweater and headscarf. Other women in blue burqas and children stand in the background.
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Row of unrecognizable men standing close together, all wearing dark business suits and dress shoes, shown from shoulders down.
Business dress codes Should dress codes be implemented and enforced?

Dress codes

Should dress codes be implemented and enforced?
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History

Whether we acknowledge them or not, dress codes impact just about everyone’s daily life. From the “no shirt, no shoes, no service” signs in businesses (popular in the 1960s and ’70s in reaction to the rise of hippies) to COVID-19 pandemic mask mandates, employer and military restrictions on tattoos and hairstyles, and school uniforms commonly mandated in private schools—dress codes are more prevalent than we might think. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Just a casual glance at the news will reflect a wide array of stories dealing with dress codes:

  • In December 2024, top-ranked chess player Magnus Carlsen left the World Rapid and Blitz Chess Championships after refusing to change out of his jeans, which violated the International Chess Federation’s dress code.[48]
  • In December 2024, a new law went into effect in Iran subjecting women to fines, floggings, up to 15 years in prison, or even execution for violating, in person or on social media, the dress code mandating hijabs, which cover the hair, neck, and shoulders.[49]
  • In May 2025, more than 2,000 Starbucks baristas at 120 U.S. stores went on strike or participated in walkouts to protest the company’s new dress code, which required a solid black shirt and khaki, black, or blue denim bottoms under their green aprons.[50]
  • In September 2025, the American golfers on Team USA, representing the country at the highly competitive and international Ryder Cup, were roundly criticized as rude and uncouth for wearing tennis shoes and suits without ties at the gala event preceding the tournament.[51]
  • In November 2025, U.S. Secretary of Transportation Sean Duffy went on a publicity campaign to “bring civility back” to travel, suggesting we “go back to an era where we didn’t wear our pajamas to the airport.”[52]
  • In February 2026, Norwegian Cruise Line faced harsh backlash after it banned the wearing of shorts, flip-flops, and other casual wear (like tank tops, hoodies, robes, baseball caps, and ripped jeans) in six of the ship’s ritzier restaurants—causal attire was still permissible in the ship’s buffets, cafes, and less formal restaurants.[53]
  • In March 2026, the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo responded to complaints on social media from parents outraged at the skimpy outfits allowed at the supposedly family event by announcing a new dress code, which banned outfits with “excessively torn cloth” or that “exposes excessive portions of the skin” or gang names, signs, and symbols.[57]
  • Also in March 2026, the upscale Ruth’s Chris Steak House announced it would be enforcing a strict dress code in its dining areas, banning ball caps, gym wear, pool attire, tank tops, clothing with offensive graphics or language, revealing clothing, or exposed undergarments. When customers complained on social media, the Chili’s restaurant chain reminded the public, “The only dress code at Chili’s is that you have to be dressed.” [58]
Dress codes
Dress codesUniforms are common for kids in private schools.

While it’s difficult to pinpoint the first dress code—humans started wearing clothes about 170,000 years ago—nearly every culture and country throughout history, formally or informally, have had strictures on what to wear and not to wear. These dress codes have been common “cultural signifiers,” reflecting social beliefs and cultural values, most often of the social class dominating the culture.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

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In the West, people were arrested and imprisoned as early as ​​1565 in England for violating dress codes. The man in question, a servant named Richard Walweyn, was arrested for wearing “a very monsterous and outraygeous great payre of hose” (meaning trunk hose, the short ballooning breeches extending from the waist to mid-thigh, worn by men in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries) and was imprisoned until he could show that he owned other hose “of a decent & lawfull facyon.” Other dress codes of the time reserved expensive garments made of silk, fur, and velvet for nobility only, highlighting how dress codes have been implemented for purposes of social distinction. [7] [8]

Informal dress codes—such as high-fashion clothes with logos and the unofficial “Midtown Uniform” (consisting of slacks, a dress shirt, and a vest) commonly worn by men working in finance in Midtown Manhattan—underscore how often dress codes have been used to mark and maintain visual distinctions between classes and occupations; a doctor’s white coat and a nurse’s blue scrubs, for example, are iconic (though evolving) dress styles in healthcare, often used to help patients identify roles within a hospital and medical team. Other dress codes have been enacted to overtly police morality, as with the bans on bobbed hair and short flapper dresses in the 1920s. Still other dress codes are intended to spur an atmosphere of inclusiveness and professionalism or to maintain safety in the workplace. Colors often play a pivotal role in these dress codes, as in the orange vests of construction workers and yellow-lime fluorescent coverings worn by traffic, roadway, and emergency personnel—both are “hi-vis” (high-visibility) safety apparel common to the dress codes of these professions.[7] [8] [11]

A woman wearing a green chadaree, or burqa, holds a young child in an orange sweater and headscarf. Other women in blue burqas and children stand in the background.
Religious dress codesThe chadari (burka), a full-body garment, is part of the mandatory dress code for Afghan women while in public.

Formal dress codes are often encountered at work, whether business casual in offices or coordinated colors in retail settings. Starbucks, for example, implemented a new 2025 “dress code [that] requires employees to wear only neutral solid colors (like black, navy, khaki and gray) under their green aprons. Their pants can’t have any rips or frays and they can not wear more than one facial piercing or ‘theatrical makeup.’”[12]

Dress codes in K-12 schools are nearly universal, with kids and teens frequently mocking the “fingertip” rule for shorts and skirts (the garments must be longer than the tips of the students’ fingers when their arms are hanging at their sides) or actively opposing policies such as strict hair-length requirements (as in Thailand, where students have been subjected to humiliating in-class haircuts by teachers). School uniform policies, common in private schools, are a stricter form of dress code that limits clothing to predetermined clothing items. [45] [46] [47]

Pros and Cons at a Glance

PROSCONS
Pro 1: Dress codes enforce decorum and a serious, professional atmosphere conducive to success. Read More.Con 1: Dress codes can reinforce racist standards of beauty and dress and be tools of oppression. Read More.
Pro 2: Uniformly mandated dress codes promote safety. Read More.Con 2: Mandated dress codes are seldom uniformly mandated, often discriminating against women and marginalized groups. Read More.
Pro 3: Dress codes promote inclusiveness and a comfortable, cooperative environment. Read More.Con 3: Dress codes can bolster religious and cultural intolerance. Read More.

Pro Arguments

 (Go to Con Arguments)

Pro 1: Dress codes enforce decorum and a serious, professional atmosphere conducive to success.

Dressing for success is a real thing. Research shows that the quality of work improves when performed by individuals who dress up. One study found that participants who wore formal business attire (such as suits) scored higher on cognitive tests, with specific increases in abstract thinking. [13] [14]

Another study compared negotiations completed by a group who dressed up and another group who dressed casually. The dressed-up group closed more profitable deals. [13] [14]

Study participants who wore a white lab coat or who were told a white coat was a doctor’s coat made 50 percent fewer mistakes on high-concentration tasks than people who did not wear a lab coat or who were told the white coat was an artists’ smock. [13] [14]

High school athletes at St. Louis Park High School in Minnesota agreed that their teams’ dress code days (which include dressing up on game days) positively contributed to team unity. Brendan Donahue, a hockey player, said that participating in dress code days better prepared him for games. He stated, “The dress codes add a further feeling of connection, teamwork and bond by wearing the same thing. It acts as a uniform much like our jerseys. Our dress code of dressing up adds a feeling of professionalism to our team and sport.” [15]

Dress codes can even build and buttress cohesiveness in communities. In assorted religions, for example, head coverings (for men and women alike) are often recommended if not required to reflect and maintain the faith’s belief in modesty, humility, decorum, and spiritual obedience.

Pro 2: Uniformly mandated dress codes promote safety.

From chemistry labs to manufacturing jobs, some dress code requirements are obviously about safety. Many places require protective glasses, steel-toed boots, fire-resistant jackets, hard hats, or reflective vests, for example.[16] [17] [18]

Other items of clothing may be restricted for less obvious safety reasons. Leggings, for example, are frequently made from synthetic, flammable materials that could react with spilled chemicals and catch fire. Similarly, skin-baring clothing may also be banned around chemicals to prevent burns. [18]

Religious headscarves have been banned in some settings, such as prisons, because wearers could be strangled by the garments in an altercation. [16] [20] [21]

Still other dress codes, such as no full-face masks (like Halloween masks) allowed in movie theaters, are intended to help prevent shootings and other violence.[22]

Other clothing restrictions at schools and public places may seem arbitrary but are used to protect against gang activity. Colors, brands, and logos may be gang-affiliated in certain locations. As Lincoln Public Schools in Nebraska explained, “Clothing and accessories associated with gangs and hate groups have the potential to disrupt the learning environment by bringing symbols that represent fear and intimidation of others into classrooms. The identification and prohibition of this clothing help decrease the impact of gangs and hate groups in school. These rules also protect students who are unaware they are wearing clothes with a gang or hate group affiliation.” [23]

Pro 3: Dress codes promote inclusiveness and a comfortable, cooperative environment.

As Bonneville Academy, a STEM school in Stansbury Park, Utah, explained, “The primary objective of a school dress code is to build constant equality among all the students. When all the students wear the same style of dress, then there will be the same kind of atmosphere across the school campus. This pattern encourages the student to concentrate more on their academic and co-curricular activities
then all the learning becomes more interesting and relevant
Students who are used to dress[ing] properly will be well equipped to evolve into the actual world, especially when they enter into the ever-competitive job market.” [24]

Susan M. Heathfield, a management and organization development consultant, stated, “Employees appreciate guidance about appropriate business attire for your workplace—especially when you specify a rationale for the dress code that your team has selected.” Simply knowing whether suits are required or jeans are appropriate removes guesswork for employees, which leads to a more comfortable work environment. Similarly, dress codes can make a disparate group of people feel like a team—no one is left out or judged differently solely on the basis of the way they dress.[25] [26] [28]

Dress codes can also make workplace hierarchies friendlier and more work-conducive. A manager who dresses in suits with ties may intimidate employees who wear branded polo shirts and khakis, preventing effective communication. [28]

Further, dress codes mean employees and customers or clients won’t be distracted by individualistic clothing. For example, a customer of Nebraska State Bank & Trust Co. complained to the bank’s president about a branch employee’s outfit of mismatched tunic and leggings, fringed boots, and large earrings. A customer complaint can not only alienate the customer but also distract employees from their tasks and potentially embarrass or shame the employee whose outfit sparked the complaint. [29]

Con Arguments

 (Go to Pro Arguments)

Con 1: Dress codes can reinforce racist standards of beauty and dress and be tools of oppression.

“Black girls face unique dress and hair code burdens,” reports the National Women’s Law Center. “For example, some schools ban styles associated with Black girls and women, like hair wraps. Black girls also face adults’ stereotyped perceptions that they are more sexually provocative because of their race, and thus more deserving of punishment for a low-cut shirt or short skirt.” [30]

Assistant Superintendent and Principal of Evanston Township High School Marcus Campbell spoke about changing an outdated dress code: “If certain females were not a certain body type, if they had more curves or they had certain features that were developed, they were dress coded over another young lady who may not have the same features but were wearing the exact same items. Our young women of color were dress coded more than our white girls were. So we found it to be racist, we found it to be sexist, we found it to be antiquated. It was not body positive, and there was just trouble all around with our dress code, and we knew we needed to make a change.” [31]

Banning traditionally Black hairstyles goes back at least to tignon (scarf) laws passed after the Civil War, which required Black women to cover their hair with scarves so as to not compete with white women. But these rules continue today as Black girls and women aren’t always allowed to wear their hair in braids, locs, or other styles suitable to Black hair texture. [7] [32]

Black male students are often “dress coded” at schools for hoodies, low-rise or baggy pants, and do-rags. Black boys were also more likely to be disciplined (suspended, for example) for a dress code violation than non-Black students. [33]

As Dialectic, a company that counsels workplaces, concludes, “Traditional dress codes work to police certain kinds of bodies. They ensure that employees follow the practices of the dominant culture. Under the guise of professionalism, dress codes tend to punish marginalized groups of employees for refusing to conform.” [34]

Refusing to conform to dress codes can be a serious offense for women in religion-ruled countries. When Iranian college student Ahoo Daryaei stripped down to her underwear and walked through her campus, in an apparent protest of the ruling oligarchy’s mandatory hijab laws, she was arrested and sent to a psychiatric ward. Women in Afghanistan who refuse to wear the full-body covering can be pulled from public transportation, denied entrance to hospitals, and be arrested and jailed.[54]

Said Sahar Fetrat of Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan’s dress code for women “is part of the Taliban’s policy of controlling women’s bodies to make women invisible . . . human rights experts have called this ‘gender apartheid.’” An Afghan woman who protested the dress code and set a chadari on fire said, “I am a woman, not a shadow. Do not silence my voice. . . . I have the right to breathe, the right to see, and not cover my gaze.”[55] [56]

Con 2: Mandated dress codes are seldom uniformly mandated, often discriminating against women and marginalized groups.

The average dress code, whether for a school, workplace, public transportation, or other location, includes more rules for how girls and women should dress than how boys and men should dress.[35] [36]

Girls in school are frequently “dress-coded” for “too short” shorts and skirts, “too thin” tank top straps, leggings, and other clothing that might be a “distraction to boys.” [36]

Fourth-grade teacher ​​Marci Kutzer said these rules send a clear message to girls: “A boy’s education can be compromised by your gender. Please do what you can to neutralize it.” [36]

The problems follow women into the workplace. A leaked training presentation from Ernst & Young coached women to “look healthy and fit” with a “good haircut, manicured nails, well-cut attire that complements your body type,” but not to wear too-short skirts because “sexuality scrambles the mind.” [37]

Dress codes also frequently exclude transgender and gender-nonconforming people as well as those outside of the gender binary and may force them to adhere to the codes for their sex assigned at birth. [35] [38]

Journalist Li Zhou explains, “Transgender students have been sent home for wearing clothing different than what’s expected of their legal sex, while others have been excluded from yearbooks. Male students, using traditionally female accessories that fell within the bounds of standard dress code rules, and vice versa, have been nonetheless disciplined for their fashion choices.” Similarly, the Ernst & Young training excluded nonbinary and gender-nonconforming people. [35] [37]

Con 3: Dress codes can bolster religious and cultural intolerance.

Only in 2019 did the U.S. Congress change the 1837 rule that banned headwear of any sort, including religious headwear such as kippahs (yarmulkes), hijabs, and turbans. [39]

While the United States protects religious expression and cannot officially ban religious wear as France has banned burkas and hijabs, American dress codes frequently use “acceptability” standards to less explicitly ban religious garb. [9] [40] [41]

For example, a five-year-old Native American boy in Texas was sent home for a dress code violation because he wore his hair in a long braid according to tribal religious code, which states hair must not be cut except when in mourning. And a Georgia State Representative tried (and failed) to add hijabs, niqabs, and burkas to an existing anti-masking law originally aimed at the Klu Klux Klan (KKK). [42] [43]

Until sued by Tvli Birdshead, then a high school senior and a member of five Native American tribes, the Latta School District in Oklahoma refused to allow Native American regalia on graduation day, which for Birdshead meant a Chickasaw Nation honor cord, a beaded cap, and a sacred eagle feather. The Native American Rights Fund has long battled to protect the cultural and religious rights of Native Americans against discriminatory school dress codes. [44] [27]

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Discussion questions

  1. Consider the official dress codes in your daily life. How are dress codes implemented in your school, workplace, and/or religious institutions? Do you find these appropriate? Restrictive? Explain your answer(s).
  2. Consider the unofficial dress codes in your life. What do your friends and family think is acceptable for various occasions? What do you wear when visiting a place of worship or to grandma’s house for a special dinner? How do you dress differently when hanging around with friends than when going on a date? Do you find these formal and informal codes appropriate or restrictive? Explain your answer(s).
  3. If you have to choose one, would you prefer a uniform policy for school and work, just a dress code, or neither? Explain your answer.
  4. What questions do you have after reading the debate above? Where might you find answers?
  5. What was the most interesting thing you learned from this debate?
  6. Consider how you felt about the issue before reading this article. After reading the pros and cons on this topic, has your thinking changed? How and why?. If your thoughts have not changed, explain how and why you better understand the other side of the debate.
  7. Push for the position and policies you support by writing local officials, U.S. senators and representatives, or other people in a position to make the change you champion.

Sources

  1. Christopher Dolan and Lourdes De Armas, “No Shoes, No Shirt, No Mask = No Service” (February 11, 2021), dolanlawfirm.com
  2. Society for Human Resource Management, “May Employers Have Dress Code Requirements That Prohibit All Visible Tattoos and Piercings?” (accessed March 3, 2022), shrm.org
  3. Workplace Fairness, “Dress Codes and Grooming” (accessed March 3, 2022), workplacefairness.org 
  4. Corinn Jackson, “Dear Littler: Can We Still Maintain Hairstyle and Personal Grooming Policies?” (December 9, 2019), littler.com
  5. Apeksha Bhateja, “Do Airlines Have the Right to Dictate Dress Codes?” (August 6, 2021), fodors.com
  6. University of Florida, “UF Study of Lice DNA Shows Humans First Wore Clothes 170,000 Years Ago” (January 6, 2011), news.ufl.edu
  7. Rachelle Hampton, “When Wearing the Wrong Pants Could Land You in Prison” (February 10, 2021), slate.com
  8. Stanford University, “Dress Codes: How the Laws of Fashion Made History” (accessed March 4, 2022), stanford.edu
  9. Facing History, “Debating the Ban of the Veil in Public Schools” (accessed March 3, 2022), facinghistory.org
  10. Facing History, “A Brief History of the Veil in Islam” (accessed May 5, 2022), facinghistory.org
  11. Jake Flanagin, “Why Are All These Business Bros Wearing the Same Vest?” (July 9, 2018), esquire.com
  12. Francesca Giangiulio, “Starbucks Workers Sue Over Dress Code” (September 23, 2025), teenvogue.com
  13. Matthew Hutson and Tori Rodriguez, “Dress for Success: How Clothes Influence Our Performance” (January 1, 2016), scientificamerican.com
  14. Alyse Kalish, “The Scientific Reason Why Dressing for Success Works (with a Twist, of Course)” (accessed March 2, 2022), themuse.com
  15. Alec Pittman, “Sports Dress Codes Create Sense of Unity” (December 27, 2016), slpecho.com
  16. Society for Human Resource Management, “Managing Employee Dress and Appearance” (accessed March 1, 2022), shrm.org
  17. Susan M. Heathfield, “Photos of Acceptable Warehouse, Industrial, and Manufacturing Attire: The Dress Code for Warehouse and Similar Jobs” (November 20, 2019), thebalancecareers.com
  18. George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “Laboratory Dress Code” (accessed March 1, 2022), smhs.gwu.edu
  19. Chris Drew, “17 Surprising School Uniform Statistics, Facts & Data” (accessed March 6, 2025), helpfulprofessor.com
  20. Mari Schaefer, “Delaware County Prison Employees Lose Appeal on Head Scarves” (August 3, 2010), inquirer.com
  21. Maryclaire Dale, “Court Says Pa. Prison Can Ban Muslim Scarf” (August 2, 2010), nbcnews.com
  22. Reuters, “Two US Movie Theater Chains Ban Masks at Screenings of ‘Joker’” (September 27, 2019), cnbc.com,
  23. Lincoln Public Schools, “Increased Awareness of Dress Code Guidelines Related to Gangs, Hate Groups” (accessed March 1, 2022), lps.org
  24. Bonneville Academy, “What Are the Benefits of the School Dress Code?” (accessed March 2, 2022), bonnevilleacademy.org
  25. Susan M. Heathfield, “Sample Dress Code Policy for Business Attire” (September 29, 2019), thebalancecareers.com
  26. Maddie Grant and Tess C. Taylor, “Should Companies Relax Their Dress Codes?” (June 1, 2016), shrm.org
  27. Native American Rights Fund, “School Board Agrees to Amend Policy on Graduation Dress Code” (May. 7, 2019), narf.org
  28. Angie Shinn et al., “Dress Codes in the Workplace: Effects on Organizational Culture” (2011), central.edu
  29. Theresa Agovino, “Fashion Statement” (May 18, 2019), shrm.org
  30. National Women’s Law Center, “Dress Coded: Black Girls, Bodies, and Bias in D.C. Schools” (2018), nwlc.org
  31. Jennifer Gonzalez, “Time to Take a Look at Your Dress Code” (February 17, 2019), cultofpedagogy.com
  32. Claire Elise Katz, “You’re Wearing That? From School Dress Codes to Rape Culture” (July 28, 2021), blog.apaonline.org
  33. Alyssa Pavlakis and Rachel Roegman, “How Dress Codes Criminalize Males and Sexualize Females of Color” (September 24, 2018), kappanonline.org
  34. Dialectic, “How Dress Codes Feed Systemic Racism” (September 10, 2020), dialectic.solutions
  35. Li Zhou, “The Sexism of School Dress Codes” (October 20, 2015), theatlantic.com
  36. Kira Barrett, “When School Dress Codes Discriminate” (July 24, 2018), nea.org
  37. Emily Peck, “Women at Ernst & Young Instructed on How to Dress, Act Nicely around Men” (October 21, 2019), huffpost.com
  38. Dana Wilkie, “When Do Dress Codes That Perpetuate Gender Stereotypes Cross the Line?” (March 18, 2019), shrm.org
  39. Tara Law, “Congressional Rule Change Allows Head Scarves, Religious Headwear on House Floor” (January 6, 2019), time.com
  40. Cady Lang, “Who Gets to Wear a Headscarf? The Complicated History Behind France’s Latest Hijab Controversy” (May 19, 2021), time.com
  41. Shaista Aziz, “France Is on a Dangerous Collision Course with Its Muslim Population” (February 5 2022), cnn.com
  42. Feliks Garcia, “US State Bill Could Make Hijabs and Niqabs Illegal in Public” (November 17, 2016), independent.co.uk
  43. Lisa Suhay, “Dress Code Flare Up: Native American Kindergartner Sent Home for Braid” (September 2, 2014), csmonitor.com
  44. Oklahoma News 4, “School Officials: Native American Regalia Not Allowed at Graduation Ceremony” (April 9, 2019), kfor.com
  45. Matt Donnelly, “Dress Codes and Uniforms in Public Schools” (2024), ebsco.com
  46. Pennington Elementary School, “Students: Information for Pennington Students” (accessed November 14, 2025), pennington.mnps.org
  47. Kittiphum Sringammuang and Verena Hölzl, “Why Many Students in Thailand Can’t Let Their Hair Down” (October 9, 2025), nytimes.com
  48. AP News, “Norwegian Chess Grandmaster Magnus Carlsen Quits a Tournament in a Dispute Over Jeans” (December 28, 2024), apnews.com
  49. Deepa Parent, “Iranian Women Could Face Death Penalty for Defying New Morality Laws” (December 11, 2024), theguardian.com
  50. Dee-Ann Durbin, “More than 2,000 Starbucks Baristas Go On Strike to Protest New Dress Code” (May 15, 2025), apnews.com
  51. Chris Rosvoglou, “The U.S. Is Taking Heat For Its Ryder Cup Gala Outfits” (September 24, 2025), sports.yahoo.com
  52. Claire Fahy, “Sean Duffy Wants You to Stop Wearing PJs on the Plane” (November 21, 2025), nytimes.com
  53. Chris Bradford, “Norwegian Cruise Line Slammed Over Dining Dress Code Change: ‘Idiotic Rule’” (February. 20, 2026), nypost.com
  54. Jacqueline Howard, “Iran Says Woman Detained After Undressing Released Without Charge” (November 19, 2024), bbc.com
  55. Fariba Akbari, Diaa Hadid, “For Years the Taliban Told Women to Cover Up in Public. Now They’re Cracking Down” (February 20, 2026), npr.org
  56. Amin Kawa, “Burqa or Cage: Women in Herat Rise Up Against Taliban’s Mandatory Veil” (November 9, 2025), 8am.media
  57. Kyle McClenagan, “Houston Rodeo Makes ‘Family-Friendly’ Updates to Dress Code Following Weekend Fights” (March 17, 2026), houstonpublicmedia.org
  58. Kelly McGreal, “Chili’s Roasts Ruth’s Chris After Dress Code Controversy Ignites Online Outrage” (March 22, 2026), aol.com