herb
Quick Summary
Herbs are plants, or parts of plants, used for flavoring food or for medicinal purposes. Unlike spices, which are derived from seeds, bark, roots, or flowers, herbs are typically the aromatic leaves of plants. Many herbs come from herbaceous plants, though some, like bay leaf, originate from woody plants.123
Historically, herbs and spices have been used for trade, as preservatives, and for their medicinal properties. Ancient civilizations utilized various plants for healing, and many of these traditional uses are still recognized today. In culinary applications, herbs add flavor and aroma to dishes, stimulating the appetite and enhancing taste. They can be used fresh or dried and are common ingredients in a wide range of foods, from poultry and fish to soups and sauces.34567
Ask Britannica AI about this topic
Britannica doesn't have a full article on this topic, so we've curated a list of our relevant coverage.
history of medicineEarly medicine and folklore…use of vegetable products, or herbs, originated in this fashion and still persists.
Read More…use of vegetable products, or herbs, originated in this fashion and still persists.
Read More
traditional Chinese medicineHerbal therapyTCM makes use of herbs and herbal formulas to strengthen organ function and support good health. An understanding of the essence of various herbal components gives the TCM practitioner a way to create a healing effect that reaches beyond the chemical composition and…
Read MoreTCM makes use of herbs and herbal formulas to strengthen organ function and support good health. An understanding of the essence of various herbal components gives the TCM practitioner a way to create a healing effect that reaches beyond the chemical composition and…
Read More
salad…salads were wild greens and herbs seasoned with salt; these were the first vegetable foods available in spring and acted as a tonic after a dull winter diet. Green salads are eaten at the beginning of a meal, with the entrée, or after the main course. Most leafy vegetables that…
Read More…salads were wild greens and herbs seasoned with salt; these were the first vegetable foods available in spring and acted as a tonic after a dull winter diet. Green salads are eaten at the beginning of a meal, with the entrée, or after the main course. Most leafy vegetables that…
Read More
aniseherb of the parsley family (Apiaceae), cultivated chiefly for its fruits, called aniseed, the flavor of which resembles that of licorice. Native to Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean region, anise is cultivated in southern Europe, southern Russia, the Middle
Read Moreherb of the parsley family (Apiaceae), cultivated chiefly for its fruits, called aniseed, the flavor of which resembles that of licorice. Native to Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean region, anise is cultivated in southern Europe, southern Russia, the Middle
Read More
balmherbs of the mint family, grown for their fragrant leaves. The best-known balm plant is Melissa officinalis, also called balm gentle or lemon balm, which is cultivated in temperate climates and used as a scent in perfumery, as a flavouring in such foods as salads,…
Read Moreherbs of the mint family, grown for their fragrant leaves. The best-known balm plant is Melissa officinalis, also called balm gentle or lemon balm, which is cultivated in temperate climates and used as a scent in perfumery, as a flavouring in such foods as salads,…
Read More
basilherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grown for its aromatic leaves. Basil is likely native to India and is widely grown as a kitchen herb. The leaves are used fresh or dried to flavor meats, fish, salads, and sauces; basil tea is a stimulant.
Read Moreherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grown for its aromatic leaves. Basil is likely native to India and is widely grown as a kitchen herb. The leaves are used fresh or dried to flavor meats, fish, salads, and sauces; basil tea is a stimulant.
Read More
burnet…about 35 species of perennial herbs in the rose family (Rosaceae), native to the north temperate zone. Some species—notably the garden, or salad, burnet (Sanguisorba minor) and the great burnet (S. officinalis)—are eaten in salads or used as an ingredient in fines herbes, a mixture of herbs commonly used in…
Read More…about 35 species of perennial herbs in the rose family (Rosaceae), native to the north temperate zone. Some species—notably the garden, or salad, burnet (Sanguisorba minor) and the great burnet (S. officinalis)—are eaten in salads or used as an ingredient in fines herbes, a mixture of herbs commonly used in…
Read More
caraway…caraway plant is a biennial herb with finely cut leaves and compound umbels (flat-topped clusters) of small white flowers. The crescent-shaped fruit is an achene, each of which houses a single seed. Light to dark brown in color, they are about 5 mm (0.2 inch) long with five prominent longitudinal…
Read More…caraway plant is a biennial herb with finely cut leaves and compound umbels (flat-topped clusters) of small white flowers. The crescent-shaped fruit is an achene, each of which houses a single seed. Light to dark brown in color, they are about 5 mm (0.2 inch) long with five prominent longitudinal…
Read More
catnipherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), noted for its aromatic leaves, which are particularly exciting to cats. Catnip is commonly grown by cat owners for their pets, and the dried leaves are often used as a stuffing for cat playthings. The herb is native to…
Read Moreherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), noted for its aromatic leaves, which are particularly exciting to cats. Catnip is commonly grown by cat owners for their pets, and the dried leaves are often used as a stuffing for cat playthings. The herb is native to…
Read More
chamomile…than 100 species of Eurasian herbs, are also known as chamomile. They characteristically have yellow or white ray flowers and yellow disk flowers in compact flower heads. Mayweed, or stinking chamomile (A. cotula), is a strong-smelling weed that has been used in medicines and insecticides.
Read More…than 100 species of Eurasian herbs, are also known as chamomile. They characteristically have yellow or white ray flowers and yellow disk flowers in compact flower heads. Mayweed, or stinking chamomile (A. cotula), is a strong-smelling weed that has been used in medicines and insecticides.
Read More
chervilherb of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). It is native to regions of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea and to western Asia. Chervil is cultivated in Europe for its lacy, decompound, aromatic leaves, which are used to flavour fish, salads, soups, eggs, meat dishes, and…
Read Moreherb of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). It is native to regions of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea and to western Asia. Chervil is cultivated in Europe for its lacy, decompound, aromatic leaves, which are used to flavour fish, salads, soups, eggs, meat dishes, and…
Read More
chicory…grown as a fodder or herbage crop for cattle. Chicory root can be roasted and ground to impart additional colour, body, and bitterness to coffee; in the United States this practice is especially popular in the city of New Orleans.
Read More…grown as a fodder or herbage crop for cattle. Chicory root can be roasted and ground to impart additional colour, body, and bitterness to coffee; in the United States this practice is especially popular in the city of New Orleans.
Read More
costmary(Tanacetum balsamita), aromatic perennial herb of the aster family (Asteraceae) with yellow button-shaped flowers. Its bitter, slightly lemony leaves may be used fresh in salads and fresh or dried as a flavouring, particularly for meats, poultry, and English ale. The dried leaves are also used as a tea and…
Read More(Tanacetum balsamita), aromatic perennial herb of the aster family (Asteraceae) with yellow button-shaped flowers. Its bitter, slightly lemony leaves may be used fresh in salads and fresh or dried as a flavouring, particularly for meats, poultry, and English ale. The dried leaves are also used as a tea and…
Read More
dillgraveolens), annual or biennial herb of the parsley family (Apiaceae) and its dry fruit and leaves which are used to season foods. Native to Mediterranean countries and southeastern Europe, dill is now widely cultivated in Europe, India, and North America.
Read Moregraveolens), annual or biennial herb of the parsley family (Apiaceae) and its dry fruit and leaves which are used to season foods. Native to Mediterranean countries and southeastern Europe, dill is now widely cultivated in Europe, India, and North America.
Read More
fennel(Foeniculum vulgare), perennial herb of the carrot family (Apiaceae) grown for its edible shoots, leaves, and seeds. Native to southern Europe and Anatolia, fennel is cultivated in temperate regions worldwide and is considered an invasive species in Australia
Read More(Foeniculum vulgare), perennial herb of the carrot family (Apiaceae) grown for its edible shoots, leaves, and seeds. Native to southern Europe and Anatolia, fennel is cultivated in temperate regions worldwide and is considered an invasive species in Australia
Read More
fenugreekherb of the pea family (Fabaceae) and its dried flavourful seeds used as a spice. Native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, fenugreek is cultivated in central and southeastern Europe, western Asia, India, and northern Africa. See also list of herbs and spices.
Read Moreherb of the pea family (Fabaceae) and its dried flavourful seeds used as a spice. Native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, fenugreek is cultivated in central and southeastern Europe, western Asia, India, and northern Africa. See also list of herbs and spices.
Read More
ginseng…of 12 species of medicinal herbs of the family Araliaceae. The root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), native to Manchuria and Korea, has long been used as a drug and is made into a stimulating tea in China, Korea, and Japan. American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), native from
Read More…of 12 species of medicinal herbs of the family Araliaceae. The root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), native to Manchuria and Korea, has long been used as a drug and is made into a stimulating tea in China, Korea, and Japan. American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), native from
Read More
horehound(Marrubium vulgare), bitter perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. The plant has naturalized throughout much of North and South America and is considered an invasive species in parts of Australia and New Zealand. The leaves and flowering tops are used…
Read More(Marrubium vulgare), bitter perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. The plant has naturalized throughout much of North and South America and is considered an invasive species in parts of Australia and New Zealand. The leaves and flowering tops are used…
Read More
hyssopherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grown for its aromatic leaves and flowers. The plant has a sweet scent and a warm bitter taste and has long been used as a flavouring for foods and beverages and as a folk medicine. Hyssop is native to…
Read Moreherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grown for its aromatic leaves and flowers. The plant has a sweet scent and a warm bitter taste and has long been used as a flavouring for foods and beverages and as a folk medicine. Hyssop is native to…
Read More
licoriceherb of the pea family (Fabaceae), and the flavouring, confection, and folk medicine made from its roots. Licorice is similar to anise (Pimpinella anisum) in flavour; both plants are somewhat sweet and slightly bitter. The Greek name glykyrrhiza, of which the word licorice is a…
Read Moreherb of the pea family (Fabaceae), and the flavouring, confection, and folk medicine made from its roots. Licorice is similar to anise (Pimpinella anisum) in flavour; both plants are somewhat sweet and slightly bitter. The Greek name glykyrrhiza, of which the word licorice is a…
Read More
lovageherb of the parsley family (Apiaceae) native to southern Europe. It is cultivated for its stalks and foliage, which are used for herbal tea, as a vegetable, and to flavour foods, particularly meats. Its rhizomes (underground stems) are used as a carminative and its seeds…
Read Moreherb of the parsley family (Apiaceae) native to southern Europe. It is cultivated for its stalks and foliage, which are used for herbal tea, as a vegetable, and to flavour foods, particularly meats. Its rhizomes (underground stems) are used as a carminative and its seeds…
Read More
marjoram…(Lamiaceae), grown as a culinary herb. Its fresh or dried leaves and flowering tops are used to season many foods, imparting a warm, aromatic, slightly sharp, and bitterish flavor. Marjoram is particularly appreciated for the taste it lends to sausages, meats, poultry, stuffings, fish, stews, eggs, vegetables, and
Read More…(Lamiaceae), grown as a culinary herb. Its fresh or dried leaves and flowering tops are used to season many foods, imparting a warm, aromatic, slightly sharp, and bitterish flavor. Marjoram is particularly appreciated for the taste it lends to sausages, meats, poultry, stuffings, fish, stews, eggs, vegetables, and
Read More
mint… of 25 species of fragrant herbs of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Native to Eurasia, North America, southern Africa, and Australia, mints are widely distributed throughout the temperate areas of the world and have naturalized in many places. A number of species, particularly peppermint and spearmint, are
Read More… of 25 species of fragrant herbs of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Native to Eurasia, North America, southern Africa, and Australia, mints are widely distributed throughout the temperate areas of the world and have naturalized in many places. A number of species, particularly peppermint and spearmint, are
Read More
oreganoherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae) known for its flavorful dried leaves and flowering tops. Oregano is native to the hills of the Mediterranean countries and western Asia and has naturalized in parts of Mexico and the United States. The herb has long been an…
Read Moreherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae) known for its flavorful dried leaves and flowering tops. Oregano is native to the hills of the Mediterranean countries and western Asia and has naturalized in parts of Mexico and the United States. The herb has long been an…
Read More
peppermint(Mentha ×piperita), strongly aromatic perennial herb of the mint family. Peppermint has a strong sweetish odor and a warm pungent taste with a cooling aftertaste. The leaves are typically used fresh as a culinary herb, and the flowers are dried and used to flavor candy, desserts, beverages, salads, and other…
Read More(Mentha ×piperita), strongly aromatic perennial herb of the mint family. Peppermint has a strong sweetish odor and a warm pungent taste with a cooling aftertaste. The leaves are typically used fresh as a culinary herb, and the flowers are dried and used to flavor candy, desserts, beverages, salads, and other…
Read More
rosemary…the mint family (Lamiaceae), the leaves of which are used to flavor foods. Native to the dry and rocky areas of the Mediterranean region, it has been introduced and cultivated across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Its leaves have a pungent, slightly bitter taste and, dried or fresh, are commonly…
Read More…the mint family (Lamiaceae), the leaves of which are used to flavor foods. Native to the dry and rocky areas of the Mediterranean region, it has been introduced and cultivated across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Its leaves have a pungent, slightly bitter taste and, dried or fresh, are commonly…
Read More
rueUses…of use in traditional and herbal medicine, particularly to stimulate menstruation and as an abortifacient. Such preparations are unlikely to terminate a pregnancy; they also may induce vomiting, hemorrhages, and liver damage, which can be lethal in severe cases. In addition to rue being hepatotoxic in large doses, skin contact…
Read More…of use in traditional and herbal medicine, particularly to stimulate menstruation and as an abortifacient. Such preparations are unlikely to terminate a pregnancy; they also may induce vomiting, hemorrhages, and liver damage, which can be lethal in severe cases. In addition to rue being hepatotoxic in large doses, skin contact…
Read More
sageherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae) cultivated for its pungent edible leaves. Sage is native to the Mediterranean region and is used fresh or dried as a flavoring in many foods, particularly in stuffings for poultry and pork and in sausages. Some varieties are also…
Read Moreherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae) cultivated for its pungent edible leaves. Sage is native to the Mediterranean region and is used fresh or dried as a flavoring in many foods, particularly in stuffings for poultry and pork and in sausages. Some varieties are also…
Read More
savory…about 30 species of aromatic herbs of the genus Satureja belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae). The genus is native to Eurasia and North Africa and is cultivated in many climates, particularly in France and Spain. The dried leaves and
Read More…about 30 species of aromatic herbs of the genus Satureja belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae). The genus is native to Eurasia and North Africa and is cultivated in many climates, particularly in France and Spain. The dried leaves and
Read More
smallage…celery; strongly scented, erect, biennial herb of the carrot family (Apiaceae, or Umbelliferae) widely distributed in moist places within the temperate zones, and grown for use as a flavouring similar to celery. In traditional medicine, smallage roots are used as a carminative and its leaf stalks as a soothing tea.
Read More…celery; strongly scented, erect, biennial herb of the carrot family (Apiaceae, or Umbelliferae) widely distributed in moist places within the temperate zones, and grown for use as a flavouring similar to celery. In traditional medicine, smallage roots are used as a carminative and its leaf stalks as a soothing tea.
Read More
spearmintherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), widely used for culinary purposes. Spearmint is native to Europe and Asia and has been naturalized in North America and parts of Africa. The leaves are used fresh or dried to flavour many foods, particularly sweets, beverages, salads, soups,…
Read Moreherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), widely used for culinary purposes. Spearmint is native to Europe and Asia and has been naturalized in North America and parts of Africa. The leaves are used fresh or dried to flavour many foods, particularly sweets, beverages, salads, soups,…
Read More
tansy…about 150 species of strong-smelling herbs of the aster family (Asteraceae), native to the north temperate zone. Tansies, especially feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) and costmary (T. balsamita), are sometimes cultivated in herb gardens and are used in traditional medicines in some places. Florists’ pyrethrum (T. coccineum, sometimes
Read More…about 150 species of strong-smelling herbs of the aster family (Asteraceae), native to the north temperate zone. Tansies, especially feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) and costmary (T. balsamita), are sometimes cultivated in herb gardens and are used in traditional medicines in some places. Florists’ pyrethrum (T. coccineum, sometimes
Read More
tarragonbushy, aromatic perennial herb of the family Asteraceae, the dried leaves and flowering tops of which are used to add tang and piquancy to many foods, particularly fish, chicken, stews, sauces, omelets, cheeses, vegetables, tomatoes, and pickles. Tarragon is a common ingredient in seasoning blends, such as
Read Morebushy, aromatic perennial herb of the family Asteraceae, the dried leaves and flowering tops of which are used to add tang and piquancy to many foods, particularly fish, chicken, stews, sauces, omelets, cheeses, vegetables, tomatoes, and pickles. Tarragon is a common ingredient in seasoning blends, such as
Read More
thymeherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae) known for the aroma and flavor of its dried leaves and flowering tops. Thyme is native to Eurasia and is cultivated throughout the world. It is used to flavor a wide range of foods, including poultry stuffings, fish, eggs,…
Read Moreherb of the mint family (Lamiaceae) known for the aroma and flavor of its dried leaves and flowering tops. Thyme is native to Eurasia and is cultivated throughout the world. It is used to flavor a wide range of foods, including poultry stuffings, fish, eggs,…
Read More
woodruff…its leaves are used as herbs. The genus Asperula includes annuals and perennials, usually with square stems. Their small, funnel-shaped flowers are clustered, and a few species are cultivated for ornamental uses. Sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum) is in a separate genus; it was formerly classified as A. odorata.
Read More…its leaves are used as herbs. The genus Asperula includes annuals and perennials, usually with square stems. Their small, funnel-shaped flowers are clustered, and a few species are cultivated for ornamental uses. Sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum) is in a separate genus; it was formerly classified as A. odorata.
Read More




