- D.C. in full:
- District of Columbia
Washington, D.C.
What is the full name of Washington, D.C., and what states border it?
What is the Home Rule Act, and how does it impact how Washington, D.C., is governed?
What are the implications of Section 740 of the Home Rule Act?
News •
Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States of America and a cosmopolitan city in its own right, one that continues to struggle with the impact of the compromise that created it more than 235 years ago.
Located on the banks of the Potomac River and socially, economically, and geographically tied to the adjacent states of Maryland and Virginia, Washington, D.C., is a culturally vibrant and racially and ethnically diverse city that is in many ways the ultimate example of a company town. But in D.C. the âcompanyâ is the federal government. As of 2025, more than 168,000 federal jobs were based in D.C., meaning that more than one of every five jobs in the city were government positions.
It is also home to some of the nationâs most iconic buildings, including the White House, the U.S. Capitol, the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the 2.5-mile- (4-km-) long expanse of green space known as the National Mall, and a host of Smithsonian museums.
In 1790 the U.S. Congress established a 100-square-mile (260-square-km) territory to serve as the permanent seat of the federal government. (The territory was later named the District of Columbia, within which the city of Washington was built.) The location for the new territory was centralized among the Eastern Seaboard states and was about 90 miles (145 km) inland from the Atlantic Ocean on land ceded by Maryland and Virginia. In the mid-19th century the land south of the Potomac River that had been ceded by Virginia was returned to the state, reducing the District to its present-day size.
After the American Civil War (1861â65), the city of Washington expanded beyond its originally planned boundaries and became legally indistinguishable from the District of Columbia. Washington, D.C., remains a territory, not a state, and since 1974 it has been governed by a locally elected mayor and city council over which Congress retains the power of veto. The Washington metropolitan area covers nearly 4,000 square miles (10,360 square km) and encompasses 10 counties, 5 in Maryland (Montgomery, Prince Georgeâs, Frederick, Charles, and Calvert) and 5 in Virginia (Arlington, Fairfax, Loudoun, Stafford, and Prince William). Area District, 68 square miles (176 square km). Pop. (2000) 572,059; Washington-Arlington-Alexandria Metro Division, 3,727,565; Washington-Arlington-Alexandria Metro Area, 4,796,183; (2010) 601,723; Washington-Arlington-Alexandria Metro Division, 4,377,088; Washington-Arlington-Alexandria Metro Area, 5,582,170.
Character of the city
Washington is an extraordinary city, one with multiple personalities: a working federal city, an international metropolis, a picturesque tourist destination, an unmatched treasury of the countryâs history and artifacts, and a cosmopolitan center that retains a neighborly small-town ambience. The role Washington plays as the capital of the United States often overshadows its lively local history and its complex political, economic, and social issues. About half the land in Washington is owned by the U.S. government, which pays no taxes on it. Several hundred thousand people in the D.C. metropolitan area work for the federal government.
During the last half of the 20th century, âsuburban flightâ of the middle class contributed to the cityâs loss of more than one-fourth of its population. As new jobs, especially those in the high-technology industries, were created in Maryland and Virginia, the population of the suburbs increased as much as 50 percent per decade. By the first decade of the 21st century, however, Washingtonâs population began to increase as younger workers moved into revitalized city neighborhoods, with particular transformation along the Southeast and Southwest waterfronts, the 15th Street corridor, and the NoMa (North of Massachusetts Avenue) neighborhood. Despite these shifts in population, the economies of the District and those of nearby Maryland and Virginia remain interdependent.
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Landscape
City site
The city of Washington was built on a gently undulating, low, wide peninsula of land bounded by the Potomac River and its tributary, the Anacostia, in the belief that the location would develop into an important commercial port. (Potomac is an Algonquian word meaning âtrading place,â and Anacostia is derived from the name of a local people, the Nacostines, who traded on that river.) Encircling the city are a series of terraces that in certain areas rise to about 400 feet (120 meters) above sea level, where Washingtonâs neighborhoods were gradually built. Part of a shallow, long ravineâwhat is now Rock Creek Parkâseparated Washington from the old port city of Georgetown; development to the north and west of this ravine was slow until the end of the 19th century, when the ravine was bridged and public transportation was made available.
Climate
Washington has a temperate climate with high humidity levels. Precipitation throughout the year is evenly distributed, averaging between 3 and 4 inches (75 and 100 mm) per month. Winters are damp, and extremes in temperature and heavy snowfalls are not typical. The infrequent wet, light snow often melts quickly, as average winter daytime temperatures are in the mid-30s F (about 2 °C); however, freezing temperatures at night can quickly change the melted snow to ice. In the summer brief periods of high temperatures are common, often accompanied by dense humidity. The average summer daytime temperatures are in the mid-70s F (about 24 °C), but highs above 100 °F (about 39 °C) can occur. Spring and autumn are pleasantly mild and tend to be longer than summer and winter.