Medina: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
Additional Reading
Literature about Medina is available mainly in Arabic, and writings on Medina often include coverage of Mecca as well. For pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, see A.I. al-Sharif, Makkah wa-al-Madīnah (1965). For the Middle Ages, see Ibn Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr…, written in the 12th century, trans. by R.J.C. Broadhurst (1952); and Ibn Batuta, Travels, A.D. 1325–1354, written in the 14th century, trans. by H.A.R. Gibb (1958). Other English-language accounts include John L. Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia (1829); Sir Richard Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, 5th ed., 3 vol. (1906); Eldon Rutter, The Holy Cities of Arabia (1928); J.B. Philby, A Pilgrim in Arabia (1946); John Sabini, Armies in the Sand: The Struggle for Mecca and Medina (1981); and M.s. Makki, Medina, Saudi Arabia: A Geographic Analysis of the City and Region (1982). For statistics, see the Statistical Yearbook (annual), published by the Central Department of Statistics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
- John Bagot Glubb
- Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo
-
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified link of Web site: JewishEncyclopedia.com - Medina, Saudi Arabia. | Feb 25, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: World Economic Forum - Can Medina become a �city of knowledge�? | Nov 12, 2024 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jun 28, 2024 | ||
| Map added. | May 30, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Medina. | Dec 09, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: JewishEncyclopedia.com - Medina, Saudi Arabia. | Sep 16, 2022 | ||
| Revised the discussion of the city layout. | Jan 11, 2021 | ||
| Updated the discussion of transportation in the city. | Sep 18, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Learn Religions - Medina, Saudi Arabia. | Aug 30, 2019 | ||
| Media added. | Jun 23, 2016 | ||
| In Landscape section, added cross-reference for Aaron. | Apr 25, 2013 | ||
| Arabic romanization reviewed. | Oct 31, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: ReligionFacts - Medina. | Aug 31, 2010 | ||
| Population data updated. | Jul 13, 2007 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |