Iceland
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Iceland, island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Lying on the constantly active geologic border between North America and Europe, Iceland is a land of vivid contrasts of climate, geography, and culture. Sparkling glaciers, such as Vatna Glacier (Vatnajökull), Europeâs largest, lie across its ruggedly beautiful mountain ranges; abundant hot geysers provide heat for many of the countryâs homes and buildings and allow for hothouse agriculture year-round; and the offshore Gulf Stream provides a surprisingly mild climate for what is one of the northernmost inhabited places on the planet.
Iceland was founded more than 1,000 years ago during the Viking age of exploration and settled by a mixed Norse and Celtic population. The early settlement, made up primarily of Norwegian seafarers and adventurers, fostered further excursions to Greenland and the coast of North America (which the Norse called Vinland). Despite its physical isolation some 500 miles (800 km) from Scotlandâits nearest European neighborâIceland has remained throughout its history very much a part of European civilization. The Icelandic sagas, most of which recount heroic episodes that took place at the time the island was settled, are regarded as among the finest literary achievements of the Middle Ages, reflecting a European outlook while commemorating the history and customs of a people far removed from continental centers of commerce and culture.
- Head Of Government:
- Prime Minister: KristrĂșn FrostadĂłttir
- Capital:
- ReykjavĂk
- Population:
- (2025 est.) 399,600
- Head Of State:
- President: Halla TĂłmasdĂłttir
- Form Of Government:
- unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (Althingi, or Parliament [63])
- Official Language:
- Icelandic
- Official Religion:
- Evangelical Lutheran
- Official Name:
- LĂœdhveldidh Ăsland (Republic of Iceland)
- Total Area (Sq Km):
- 103,000
- Total Area (Sq Mi):
- 39,769
- Monetary Unit:
- krĂłna (ISK)
- Population Rank:
- (2026) 180
- Population Projection 2030:
- 408,900
- Density: Persons Per Sq Mi:
- (2025) 10
- Density: Persons Per Sq Km:
- (2025) 3.9
- Urban-Rural Population:
- Urban: (2024) 94.1%
- Rural: (2024) 5.9%
- Life Expectancy At Birth :
- Male: (2026) 80.4 years
- Female: (2026) 84.6 years
- Gni (U.S.$ â000,000):
- (2024) 31,771
- Gni Per Capita (U.S.$):
- (2024) 82,200
The capital, ReykjavĂk (âBay of Smokesâ), is the site of the islandâs first farmstead and is a thriving city, handsome in aspect and cosmopolitan in outlook. Other major population centers are Akureyri, on the north-central coast; Hafnarfjördhur, on the southwestern coast; and Selfoss, in the southern lowlands.
Iceland is a Scandinavian country, the worldâs oldest democracy but modern in nearly every respect. Unlike most European countries, however, it is ethnically homogeneous, so much so that genetic researchers have used its inhabitants to study hereditary disorders and develop cures for a host of diseases. Although increasingly integrated into the European mainstream, Icelanders take care to preserve their traditions, customs, and language. Many Icelanders, for example, still believe in elves, trolls, and other figures in the mythical landscape of the Norse past, while even Icelanders who live in cities harbor a vision of their country as a pastoral land, in the words of Nobel Prize-winning author HalldĂłr Laxness, of
crofts standing at the foot of the mountains or sheltering on the southern slope of a ridge, each with a little brook running through the home-field, marshy land beyond, and a river flowing smoothly through the marsh.
Land
Icelandâs rugged coastline, of more than 3,000 miles (4,800 km), meets the Greenland Sea on the north, the Norwegian Sea on the east, the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west, and the Denmark Straitâwhich separates it from Greenland by about 200 miles (320 km)âon the northwest.
Glacier ice and cooled lava each cover approximately one-tenth of the countryâs total area. The glaciers are a reminder of Icelandâs proximity to the Arctic Circle, which nearly touches its northernmost peninsula. The area covered by Vatnajökull (Vatna Glacier), the countryâs largest, is equal to the combined total area covered by all the glaciers on the continent of Europe. The volcanoes, reaching deep into the unstable interior of the Earth, are explained by the fact that Iceland is located on top of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is estimated that since the year 1500 about one-third of the Earthâs total lava flow has poured out of the volcanoes of Iceland.
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Geologically young, Iceland contains about 200 volcanoes of various types. A new volcano erupting on the bottom of the sea between November 1963 and June 1967 created the island of Surtsey, off the southwestern coast. The new island grew to about 1 square mile (2.5 square km) in area and rose more than 560 feet (170 meters) above sea level, a total of 950 feet (290 meters) from the ocean floor.
Volcanic activity has been particularly frequent since the 1970s. A major eruption took place in 1973, when a volcano on Heima Island (Heimaey) spilled lava into the town of Vestmannaeyjar, an important fishing center. Most of the more than 5,000 residents had to be evacuated, andâalthough the harbor remained intactâabout one-third of the town was destroyed. Continuous eruptions took place in the Krafla area in the northeast in 1975â84, damaging a geothermal generating project in the area. Icelandâs best-known volcano, Hekla, erupted four times in the 20th century: in 1947, 1970, 1980, and 1991; it also had a series of small eruptions in 2000. There were eruptions in the Vatnajökull area in 1983 and 1996. Eyjafjallajökull volcano, beneath an extension of MĂœrdalsjökull (MĂœrdals Glacier), erupted in March 2010 for the first time since 1821. It erupted again beginning on April 14 and sent wandering ash plumes into the skies that disrupted air traffic for days across northern and central Europe.
Relief
Iceland is largely a tableland broken up by structural faults. Its average elevation is 1,640 feet (500 meters) above sea level, but one-fourth of the country lies below 650 feet (198 meters). The highest point is 6,952 feet (2,119 meters), at Hvannadals Peak, the top of ĂrĂŠfajökull in Vatnajökull. The glaciers range in size from those in small mountain recesses to the enormous glacial caps topping extensive mountain ranges. Vatnajökull covers an area of more than 3,000 square miles (8,000 square km) and is about 3,000 feet (900 meters) deep at its thickest point.
Much of Iceland is underlain by basalt, a dark rock of igneous origin. The oldest rocks were formed about 16 million years ago. The landscape in basaltic areas is one of plateau and fjord, characterized by successive layers of lava visible one above the other on the valley sides. The basalt sheets tend to tilt somewhat toward the center of the country. Icelandâs U-shaped valleys are largely the result of glacial erosion. The depressed zones between the basalt areas have extensive plateaus above which rise single volcanoes, table mountains, or other mountain masses with steep sides.
Iceland has more hot springs and solfatarasâvolcanic vents that emit hot gases and vaporsâthan any other country. Alkaline hot springs are found in some 250 areas throughout the country. The largest, Deildartunguhver, emits nearly 50 gallons (190 liters) of boiling water per second. The total power output of the Torfajökull (Torfa Glacier) area, the largest of the 19 high-temperature solfatara regions, is estimated to equal about 1,000 megawatts.
Earthquakes are frequent in Iceland but rarely result in serious damage. Most of the buildings erected since the mid-20th century have been built of reinforced concrete and designed to withstand severe shocks from earthquakes.
Traditionally, Iceland has been divided according to the four points of the compass. The center of the country is uninhabited. In the southwest several fine natural harbors have directed interest toward the sea, and good fishing grounds lie off the shores of this region. Because of its extensive lava fields and heaths, the southwest has little farmland. The middle west is divided between fishing and farming and has many places of great natural beauty. The western fjords have numerous well-sheltered harbors and good fishing grounds but little lowland suitable for agriculture. The north is divided into several smaller districts, each of which has relatively good farmland. The eastern fjords resemble the western fjords but have, in addition, an inner lowland. The southeast, locked between the glaciers and the sea, has a landscape of rugged splendor. The southern lowland comprises the main farming region. Soil and climatic conditions are favorable, and it is close to the countryâs largest market, ReykjavĂk and its environs.