Burundi: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
Additional Reading
An introduction to the country’s geography can be found in Françoise Cazenave-Piarrot, Alain Cazenave-Piarrot, and Albert Lopez, Géographie du Burundi: le pays et les hommes (1979); and Atlas du Burundi (1979). Useful sources on language, literature, and arts include Ethel M. Albert, “‘Rhetoric,’ ‘Logic,’ and ‘Poetics’ in Burundi: Culture Patterning of Speech Behavior,” American Anthropologist, special issue, pp. 35–54 (winter 1964–65); Alexandre Kimenyi, Kinyarwanda and Kirundi Names: A Semiolinguistic Analysis of Bantu Onomastics (1989); F.M. Rodegem, Précis de grammaire rundi (1967) and Sagesse kirundi (1961); R.P. Bagein, Grammaire kirundi à l’usage des commençants (1951); and the classic Jan Vansina, De la tradition orale: essai de méthode historique (1961).
The classic source for precolonial ethnography and history is Hans Mayer, Die Barundi (1916), also available in a French edition excellently annotated by Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Les Barundi (1984). Also useful for this period of history is Emile Mworoha (ed.), Histoire du Burundi: des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle (1987). For colonial history, some useful sources are Michel Lechat, Le Burundi politique; and Joseph Gahama, Le Burundi sous administration Belge (1983), which also includes an English-language summary. Postindependence developments and politics are dealt with at length in René Lemarchand, Rwanda and Burundi (1970); René Lemarchand and David Martin, Selective Genocide in Burundi (1974); René Lemarchand, Burundi: Ethnocide as Discourse and Practice (1994, also published as Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide, 1996); and Marc Manirakiza, La Fin de la monarchie burundaise (1990); and a shorter pamphlet and article are provided by Reginald Kay, Burundi Since the Genocide (1987); and Allison Boyer, “Unity at Last?,” Africa Report, 37:37–40 (March/April 1992). Ellen K. Eggers, Historical Dictionary of Burundi, 2nd ed. (1997), includes an extensive bibliography and a chronology of Burundi’s history.
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Ellen Kahan Eggers
- René Lemarchand
-
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Other Contributors
- THOMAS TURNER
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified link of Web site: College of DuPage Digital Press - The Eastern World: Daily Readings on Geography - Sub-Saharan Africa: Cultural Geography II Peacemaking in Burundi: The Institution of the Bashingantahe. | Jul 24, 2026 | ||
| Country Profile: Removed literacy rate and updated the number of legislative seats and footnotes. | Jul 17, 2026 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated Head of government. | Aug 06, 2025 | ||
| In the History section, updated with additional detail about Ndayishimiye's presidency. | Oct 19, 2024 | ||
| In the History section, updated with the status of Gitega as the country's political capital. | Oct 01, 2024 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated Capital and related footnote. | Sep 25, 2024 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated Head of government. | Sep 29, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: College of DuPage Digital Press - The Eastern World: Daily Readings on Geography - Sub-Saharan Africa: Cultural Geography II Peacemaking in Burundi: The Institution of the Bashingantahe. | May 23, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Burundi - Introduction. | Nov 21, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: South African History Online - Burundi. | Sep 06, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Africa Center at the University of Pennsylvania - Burundi. | Mar 13, 2022 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated the head of state and head of government and added a footnote. | Jun 30, 2020 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated head of state and government. | Jun 22, 2020 | ||
| In the History section, updated with the inauguration of Evariste Ndayishimiye after the death of Pres. Pierre Nkurunziza in June 2020. | Jun 18, 2020 | ||
| In the History section, updated with the Constitutional Court's ruling that upheld the results of the May 2020 presidential election. | Jun 09, 2020 | ||
| In the History section, updated with the results of the May 2020 elections. | May 29, 2020 | ||
| In the History section, added detail about the country's withdrawal from the ICC, ICC investigation in to human rights violations, the 2018 amendments to the constitution, and upcoming elections. | Feb 13, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: Interesting Facts for Kids - Interesting Burundi Facts. | Oct 18, 2019 | ||
| In the People section, updated demographic data. | Aug 01, 2019 | ||
| In the Economy section, updated trade data. | Aug 01, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: CRW Flags - Historical flags of Burundi. | Apr 26, 2018 | ||
| Country Profile: Expanded country profile. | Oct 06, 2017 | ||
| In People section, added data charts. | Jun 15, 2017 | ||
| In Economy section, added data charts. | Jun 15, 2017 | ||
| Added locator map to the Introduction. | Jun 15, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: World InfoZone - Burundi. | Dec 09, 2016 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated form of government; revised footnotes 1 and 2. | May 24, 2016 | ||
| In History section, updated with ongoing unrest after 2015 elections. | Jan 21, 2016 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated head of state and government. | Aug 27, 2015 | ||
| In History, updated to mention that Nkurunziza won the presidential election held on July 21, 2015. | Jul 24, 2015 | ||
| In History section, updated with postponement and controversy surrounding the presidential and parliamentary elections. | Jul 14, 2015 | ||
| In History section, updated with reported arrests of coup leaders and apparent end to the coup attempt. | May 15, 2015 | ||
| In History section, updated with coup declared by Maj. Gen. Godefroid Niyombare. | May 13, 2015 | ||
| In History section, updated with controversy and protests surrounding the president's desire for a third term. | May 05, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: globalEDGE - Burundi. | Nov 26, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Burundi. | Dec 06, 2012 | ||
| Country Profile: Changed form of government. | Feb 21, 2012 | ||
| Country Profile: Added name of head of state and head of government, along with urban-rural, life expectancy, literacy, and GNI per capita statistics. | Feb 21, 2012 | ||
| Country Profile: Changed Form of government. | Feb 23, 2011 | ||
| Updated to mention Nkurunziza's reelection. | Jul 01, 2010 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated area and population figures. | Feb 03, 2010 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated Form of government. | Oct 20, 2009 | ||
| Changed spelling of mwani to mwami. |
|
Jun 01, 2009 | |
| Added new Web site: National Geographic - Travel and Cultures - Burundi. | Apr 16, 2009 | ||
| Country Profile: 2009 update | Jan 15, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Lonely Planet - Burundi. | Jul 02, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jun 18, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: World Atlas.Com - Burundi. | Jun 05, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Official Site of the Embassy of Burundi in Germany. | Jun 05, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Energy Information Administration - Great Lakes Region: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. | Jan 19, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Burundi. | Jul 26, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Feb 16, 2001 | ||
| Article revised. | Dec 09, 1999 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 26, 1999 |