Tunisia’s political system evolved from a powerful presidential regime under Habib Bourguiba (1957–87) and Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali (1987–2011) to a multiparty democracy after the Jasmine Revolution in 2011. Tunisians were disillusioned by the inability of an elected parliament to stabilize and improve the economy and elected in 2019 Kais Saied, a long-time skeptic of Tunisia’s democratic constitution. The 2022 constitution returned Tunisia to a presidential system with limited legislative and judicial powers.
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