Population composition

The people of the plains of the Brahmaputra and Barak valleys are mainly of Indo-Iranian ancestry. By the time of their arrival in the region, however, the local Aryan peoples had become intermixed with Asiatic peoples. The Ahom people, who arrived in the region from mainland Southeast Asia during the 13th century, ultimately stem from Yunnan province of southern China. A significant minority of the population consists of rural Indigenous peoples who fall outside the Indian caste system; as such, they are officially designated as Scheduled Tribes. The Bodo constitute the largest of these groups; Mishing, Karbi, Rabha, and Sonowal Kachari are some other major tribes. Most of the Scheduled Tribes live in the south-central hill region and are of Asiatic descent.

Assamese, an Indo-Aryan language, is the official and principal language of the state, and an unbroken record of Assamese literary history is traceable from the 14th century. Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken by most of the Scheduled Tribes, although the Khasi people speak an Austroasiatic tongue; some groups have adopted Assamese as their first language. The people in the Barak valley in southern Assam mostly speak Bengali (also called Bangla), which, like Assamese, is an Indo-Aryan language.

About three-fifths of the Assamese are Hindus, the majority of whom follow Vaishnavism, which venerates the deity Vishnu. Roughly one-third of the population practices Islam, most Muslims being settlers from Bangladesh or converts from the lower strata of Hindu society. Although many of the Scheduled Tribes have converted to Christianity, some continue to practice traditional local religions; the Mikir and Kachari peoples are mostly Hindus.

Settlement patterns and demographic trends

The great majority of Assam’s people live in rural areas. The distribution of population is uneven, however, reflecting the hilly terrain, the number of rivers, the forests, the small amount of cultivable land, and the lack of industrialization. The agricultural zone of the Barak River valley supports relatively dense settlement.

Since the late 20th century, population growth has been unusually rapid, mostly due to immigration into Assam of tea garden laborers from Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh; herders from Nepal; peasants from West Bengal; and refugees from Bangladesh. Migration from Bangladesh has been a sensitive issue, and a number of government measures over the years have sought to keep undocumented migration in check. Increasing population in the state’s urban areas reflects not only the growth of industries and the expansion of commercial activity but also the tendency of many of the immigrants—particularly those from Bangladesh—to live near towns. In the early 21st century, Guwahati had the most significant urban population.

Agriculture, forestry, weaving, and fishing

Agriculture is of basic importance to Assam, engaging about half of the total working population and generating roughly one-third of the state’s gross product. Rice accounts for more than two-thirds of the sown area. Tea and jute, widely cultivated in the Brahmaputra valley, are important foreign-exchange earners. Assam grows a large portion of the country’s tea, and this strong tea has a rich, deep amber color. Founded in 1911, the Tocklai Tea Research Institute in Jorhat is the world’s oldest and largest tea research institute. Other crops grown in Assam include oilseeds, pulses (legumes, such as peas, beans, or lentils), corn (maize), sugarcane, rape (an oil-yielding plant, the leaves of which are used for fodder), mustard, potatoes, and fruits. Through improved cultivation methods, some farms yield more than one crop per year.

Livestock and dairy farming have shown moderate growth since the late 20th century, largely promoted by the government. Nevertheless, those activities remain but small contributors to the state’s economy. Weaving is an important aspect of the cultural life of the people, particularly the women. Handlooms are found in many village homes. For instance, in the village of Sualkuchi, 22 miles (35 km) from Guwahati, nearly every household has at least one loom, and most inhabitants of this village are skilled weavers. Weavers from various communities and tribes across villages weave distinctive motifs inspired by various natural elements.

Sericulture (the raising of silkworms) is well established, and Assam is a major producer of silk. Muga, the golden silk, is the most expensive and prized silk in Assam. Made by Indian Muga silkworms (Antheraea assamensis), found only in the Brahmaputra valley, Muga was given the geographical indications tag (which is used on products that originate from a specific geographical location and whose qualities or reputation are linked to that geographical origin) in 2007. Assam is also known for its mulberry silk (paat) and endi, or eri, silk—a warm, sustainable variety of silk. Often called ahimsa (Hindi: nonviolent) silk because it can be processed without harming the silkworms from which it is derived, eri silk is gaining popularity in the world of textile and fashion.

In the forestry sector, sal and other tropical hardwoods are highly valued. Depletion of forest resources and increased erosion, however, have led the government to impose logging bans and enact other legislation to reestablish the country’s woodlands. Aside from timber, important forest products include bamboo, firewood, and lac (the source of shellac).

Aquaculture has been a major focus of agricultural development since the mid-1990s, and yields have increased. Overall yield, however, has continued to fall short of domestic demand.

Resources and power

Minerals exploited commercially in the state include petroleum, coal, natural gas, and limestone. Since the late 19th century, extensive oil reserves have been discovered in northeastern Assam. A refinery, built in the region in 1901 at Digboi, was the first in South Asia. In 1962 another refinery was established in Noonmati, Guwahati, followed by a refinery in Bongaigaon. The state’s fourth refinery was set up in Numaligarh in 1999, and an expansion project was started in 2019. Coal—used locally by the railways, tea estates, and steamships—also is found in northeastern and south-central Assam. Liquefied natural gas is produced in the northeast, and limestone is quarried in the Mikir Hills (Karbi Anglong).

Assam’s energy is provided by thermal and hydroelectric plants. Less than half of the state’s energy is generated locally, however. A significant portion of Assam’s power is purchased from the national government, private sources, and, to a much lesser extent, other state governments.

Manufacturing

Development of the manufacturing sector has traditionally been inhibited by the state’s isolation from the rest of India, by an underdeveloped transport system, by a small local market, and by the lack of sufficient capital. Small-scale industrial enterprises produce (or process) fertilizer, jute, paper, silk and textiles, sugar, chemicals, electronics, and cement. Sawmills and plywood and match factories make use of timber resources. Construction started for a semiconductor plant by the Tata Group in Morigaon district in 2024; the plant is expected to fulfill India’s aim to create a semiconductor manufacturing ecosystem in the country, producing up to 48 million semiconductor chips in a day.

Transportation

Historically, geography has inhibited the growth of efficient transport systems, and underdeveloped transport and communication systems have in turn hindered economic development in Assam. The Brahmaputra, for example, long has been a major barrier to integrating the transportation networks lying north and south of the river. The situation improved, however, with the opening of several rail and road bridges since the late 20th century. The Saraighat Bridge (1962) was the first bridge across the Brahmaputra in Assam. The Kalia Bhomora Bridge (1987), the Naranarayan Setu (1998), the Bhupen Hazarika Setu (Dhola-Sadiya Bridge [2017]), the Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu (2026), and other bridges have been constructed on the Brahmaputra since then.

With Assam’s abundance of waterways, inland water transport is important. The Brahmaputra and Barak (Surma) rivers are the state’s primary water channels. Numerous passenger ferries operate between various points on the Brahmaputra, and freight service is offered between Guwahati and Kolkata.

There is considerable air traffic between Assam and Kolkata. Among the towns with air service are Guwahati, Dibrugarh, Jorhat, Tezpur, and Silchar. The Guwahati airport offers international service.