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Meme coins: Investing in a joke, or is the joke on you?

Hype is not a fundamental metric.

Written byAllie Grace Garnett

Fact-checked byDoug Ashburn

Walking a perilous path.

Will 2024 be known throughout history as the year of the meme coin? As cryptocurrency investing entered a new bullish phase after bottoming out in the fall of 2023, digital tokens based on nothing more than a cute or funny meme began getting plenty of attention. Meme coins may inspire your fear of missing out—FOMO—but they’re also undeniably risky.

Interested in speculating on meme coins—hopefully with small amounts of money that you can afford to lose? Stay sensible—and start by learning the key characteristics of meme coins, their history, and some popular tokens.

Specific cryptocurrencies are mentioned in this article for educational purposes only and not as an endorsement. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., does not provide investment advice.

Key Points

Meme coins are digital tokens that enthusiastically embody Internet culture.
Hype around meme coins is often short-lived and fueled by social media.
Although most fizzle out, Dogecoin and Shiba Inu are two examples of meme coins that have had staying power.

What are meme coins?

Meme coins are digital currencies inspired by literal memes or other cultural phenomena. Meme coins typically use standard blockchain protocols, but unlike cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, they don’t have any serious financial or technological purpose. Think of them as the crypto cousins of meme stocks such as GameStop and AMC.

Here are the key characteristics of meme coins:

Leverage humor and satire. The humorous origins of meme coins are probably their most salient feature. Meme coins are often created as jokes or parodies, relying on humor or satire to offer entertainment value.
Built on community. The value and popularity of meme coins are heavily influenced by their online communities. Active and engaged coin holders play a crucial role in sustaining a meme coin’s popularity.
Popular on social media. The most successful meme coins get plenty of attention on social media. A thriving social media presence directly affects the price performance of a meme coin.
Lack intrinsic value. A digital currency built on nothing more than a joke or social media hype is not tied to any particular use case, and has no intrinsic value. Stocks and bonds, by contrast, derive intrinsic value from the underlying company.
Highly volatile. Many aspects of a meme coin can be volatile, including its price, trading volumes, and market liquidity.
Attract speculative traders. Buyers and sellers hoping to get lucky with quick, high returns are frequently attracted to trading meme coins.
Limited utility. The lack of practical use cases or applications beyond speculative trading is another prominent feature of meme coins. Many meme coins lack white papers outlining their purpose and technology.
Typically short lifespans. A small number of meme coins have stayed popular for years, but they are anomalies. The hype around most meme coins typically has a short lifespan.
Easy to create. Anyone can conceptualize and launch a meme coin, even without any coding ability. The barrier to entry for creating meme coins is low.
Low market capitalizations. Meme coins generally don’t command high market values, even when they’re at their most popular. Many meme coins trade for fractions of a penny.
Low transaction fees. The transaction processing fees may be exceptionally low for meme coins—another characteristic that can invite speculative trading.
Prone to copycats. The success of one meme coin often inspires the creation of another meme coin that’s very similar. Copycat coins often derive their humor from better-known meme currencies.

Meme coin investing is risky

Many of these core characteristics of meme coins convey risk to speculators. The lack of intrinsic value means the price of a speculative meme coin investment could drop to zero—and high volatility can make owning a meme coin feel like a wild ride. With popularity that’s short-lived, the excitement about a meme coin may fade surprisingly quickly.

But there’s even more! Additional risks associated with meme coins include:

Possibly a scam. Fraudulent actors can (and do!) exploit enthusiasm for Internet memes and popular culture to create meme coin scams. Fake projects feature bogus coins, pump-and-dump schemes manipulate coin prices, and exit scams (aka rug pulls) happen when coin creators disappear with investors’ funds.
Security risks. Meme coins’ security risks are heightened both by malicious actors and accidental vulnerabilities in the code. Many meme coins are developed quickly, often by creators with limited technical experience. Poorly written smart contracts, inadequate security protocols, and a lack of rigorous auditing add to the risks carried by meme coin holders.
Regulatory uncertainty. The regulatory landscape for all digital assets is evolving rapidly. Meme coins, which are often seen as frivolous or excessively speculative, can be prime targets for stringent regulations.

A brief history of meme coins

Meme coins have a history that is short but colorful.

2013: The rise of Dogecoin. The first meme coin was Dogecoin (DOGE), created in December 2013 as a joke—playing off a popular Internet meme at the time. Software engineers Billy Markus and Jackson Palmer originally intended for Dogecoin to parody the cryptocurrency markets by poking fun at the rapid proliferation of digital tokens. The token had a Shiba Inu dog as its mascot and quickly gained widespread popularity—much to the surprise of Dogecoin’s founders—largely due to its friendly and humorous culture.

2020: Shiba Inu grows up. The first major copycat coin—Shiba Inu (SHIB)—launched in August 2020. Capitalizing on the popularity of Dogecoin, an anonymous developer known as “Ryoshi” developed this cryptocurrency centering on the same Shiba Inu pup. Shiba Inu developers heavily leveraged social media to inspire the Shib Army, much like the Doge Army that preceded it. SHIB’s rise can also partly be attributed to celebrity endorsements, including from Ethereum’s Vitalik Buterin.

2021: Meme coins proliferate, then crash. The hype around meme coins reached new heights in 2021. Dogecoin again surged in popularity, and new meme coins like Akita Inu and Kishu Inu sprang onto the social media scene. Some meme coins, like SafeMoon, attracted much excitement before being later revealed as scams.

As significantly as their prices surged, the values of meme coins declined just as dramatically during the cryptocurrency bear market that began in late 2021. Environmental concerns about crypto mining, changing regulations, and market corrections were among the factors driving the downturn. The onset of the bear market cooled social media enthusiasm and underscored the susceptibility of meme coin prices to broader market conditions.

2023: PEPE brings back the heat. PEPE is the token that reignited enthusiasm for meme coins in 2023. Inspired by the popular meme character Pepe the Frog, PEPE rapidly gained popularity in the familiar ways—through social media marketing and a major focus on community building. PEPE made headlines by netting eye-popping returns for a few speculators, and timed its launch fortuitously with the resurgence of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

It’s worth noting, however, that since at least 2017, some alt-right groups have used iterations of the Pepe the Frog meme in hate speech, sparking concern in the crypto community that the PEPE coin may be somehow tied to such groups.

Meme coins come, meme coins go

DOGE, SHIB, and other meme coins were all the rage—until they weren’t. Hotly traded meme coins may dominate your social media feed before quickly losing the interest of profit-seeking “community” members. That’s the crypto version of the greater fool theory.

Meme coin examples

Some meme coins are the OGs—while others may just be a flash in the proverbial pan. Some meme coin examples include:

Dogecoin. Yes, the Doge Army is alive and kicking. The proliferation of copycat coins using derivative humor related to Dogecoin has served only to raise the prominence of Dogecoin itself.
Shiba Inu. This relative to Dogecoin has also demonstrated some staying power—and volatility (see figure 1). Shiba Inu is further supported by ShibaSwap, a decentralized exchange, and the layer 2 blockchain network Shibarium—both created to grow the Shiba Inu ecosystem.
Dogwifhat. So many dog-themed meme coins! With the ticker WIF, Dogwifhat is a whimsical cryptocurrency characterized by the iconic Doge wearing various hats. Creative marketing and engaging social media have been intrinsic to the rise of Dogwifhat’s popularity.
Jeo Boden and Doland Tremp. These meme coins capitalized on the frenzy leading up to the 2024 election, with a playful spellings of the two candidates’ names. Using the ticker symbols BODEN and TREMP, these meme coins blended political commentary and Internet humor.
OFFICIAL TRUMP and Official Melania Meme. Just ahead of the inauguration of Donald Trump in January 2025, the president-elect and incoming first lady launched meme coins that subsequently soared to market valuations of over $8 billion ($TRUMP) and $1 billion ($MELANIA), raising concerns over conflicts of interest in the opaque-but-evolving cryprocurrency regulatory structure.

A price chart of Shiba Inue meme crypto coin.

Figure 1: HARK HOW THE DOGS DO BARK. Despite demonstrating some staying power, meme coin Shiba Inu (SHIB) has seen its share of ups and downs, with one extremely volatile example in the spring of 2024.

Source: Barchart.com.

The bottom line

The appeal of meme coins is closely intertwined with what makes them so risky. Meme coins capture and spread Internet culture—which can be captivating—but they’re strikingly devoid of intrinsic value. If you don’t want to get caught up in the hype, then make sure you understand what you’re getting into.

Do you find entertainment value in being part of a meme coin “joke,” or feel like, by owning a particular meme coin, you’re part of a community? Maybe you find it’s worth the risk. But just like sports betting, day trading, and other forms of financial distraction, it’s not investing. And unless you truly know what you’re doing, the odds—when exchanging real dollars for a pile of meme coins—are generally stacked against you.

Are you an investor or a trader? Or perhaps a bit of both?

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

This article was most recently revised and updated by Allie Grace GarnettThis article was most recently revised and updated by Doug Ashburn