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Motorola, Inc., American manufacturer and one of the historic brands of wireless communications and electronic systems. In 2011 it split into two companies: Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions. Its headquarters are located in Schaumburg, Illinois.
Founding as Galvin Manufacturing
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Motorola Walkie-Talkie, Model SCR-300-A, designed by Daniel E. Noble, Henry Magnuski, Bill Vogel, Lloyd Morris, and Marion Bond, 1941; illustration from the War Department Technical Manual TM11-242. The original walkie-talkie weighed about 35 pounds (16 kg) and had a range of about 2 miles (3 km).
United States Army
The company was founded in 1928 in Chicago by brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin as the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation. Its first product was the “battery eliminator,” a device that connected direct-current, battery-powered radios to the alternating current then found in almost two-thirds of U.S. households. In 1930 the company began selling a low-cost automobileradio, called the Motorola, that became the most popular new-car option, as well as a successful aftermarket kit. In 1937 the company diversified into home tabletop radios and introduced the first car radio to offer push-button dialing.
During the Great Depression, Galvin Manufacturing cut its workforce by two-thirds and saw its revenues drop by more than one-third. To sustain the company during the later years of the Depression, the Galvin brothers, who opposed unions, took on work from other companies, such as the Philco Corporation in 1938, whose workers were on strike. In defense of these actions, the Galvins claimed that their starting wage of 40 to 60 cents per hour surpassed the industry average of 25 to 35 cents per hour.
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1943 advertisement for Motorola’s handheld radio, the Handie-Talkie.
In 1940 the company introduced a pair of two-way radio communications products for the police and military. The first was an AM-band police radio system adopted later that year in Bowling Green, Kentucky; the second was the Handie-Talkie, an AM-band, handheld device with a long antenna that ultimately was used by soldiers during World War II. Both AM-based systems were quickly superseded by FM technologies. The most notable replacement occurred in 1943, when Galvin Manufacturing invented the FM Walkie-Talkie. This device was carried by battlefield soldiers in special backpacks and could communicate over longer distances and with far less static interference than its AM-based predecessor. The two-way radio saw action on all fronts during the war and is credited as being a decisive factor in many Allied victories in the field.
Motorola product diversification
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Motorola cofounder Paul Galvin (right) and his son Robert Galvin (left), c. 1954.
In 1943 the company sold stock to the public for the first time, and in 1947 it changed its name to Motorola, Inc., which was by then a well-known brand name. The next year Motorola extended its role in the U.S. consumer market by introducing the first television set for under $200, the Golden View. Its seven-inch round picture tube helped Motorola to secure 10 percent of the U.S. television market by 1954. In 1953 the company, like other television makers, created its own program, the Motorola TV Hour, to boost interest in the new medium. Robert Galvin, Paul Galvin’s son and a vice president of the company, hosted the weekly drama series. Motorola’s consumer product line branched into high-fidelity phonographs in the mid-1950s.
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The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Laboratories by John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley.
Lucent Technologies Inc./ Bell Labs
After licensing the design for transistors from Bell Laboratories in 1952, Motorola began experimenting with them to replace its large, heavy, and expensive radio power supplies. By 1956 the company began to sell hybrid radios with both vacuum tubes and transistors—its first successful foray into electronic products. That same year the company began to sell its transistors to other manufacturers and established its Semiconductor Products Division in Phoenix, Arizona. By 1962 the company had more than 4,000 different electronic components on the market. One of the largest early markets was for automobiles, whose manufacturers used electronic components to build alternators, which replaced generators in most cars sold in the 1960s. Together with the Ford Motor Company and the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), Motorola developed the eight-track tape player for cars in 1965.
Marketing redirection
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Motorola improved mobile telephone service (IMTS) car telephone with push buttons and dial, control head with handset, and base unit, introduced in 1964.
Robert Galvin became president of the company in 1956. Despite Motorola’s ongoing success and strong brand recognition in consumer products, he shifted the company’s strategy toward selling directly to business and government. In 1962 Motorola began supplying radio communications gear to the unmanned Mariner and later to the manned Gemini space programs. Apollo astronaut Neil Armstrong’s 1969 message from the Moon was carried over a Motorola-designed transponder.
In 1974 the company sold its Quasar television line to Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co., Ltd., of Japan, ending most of its historic consumer business. That same year Motorola released its first microprocessor for sale to computer makers. Its most popular computer chips, the MC680x0 series, were used in all of the early Apple Macintosh computers and in workstation computers built by Sun Microsystems, Inc., and Silicon Graphics, Inc., throughout the 1980s and early ’90s. In 1993 the company developed the first consumer RISC (reduced-instruction-set computing) chip, the PowerPC, with IBM Corporation and Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), in an unsuccessful attempt to unseat Intel Corporation as the leading seller of microprocessors.
Motorola was more successful in the market for embedded microprocessors, which became ubiquitous in automotive control units, industrial control systems, and such common items as kitchen appliances, pagers, electronic game systems, routers, laser printers, and handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs). In this market Motorola became the leading manufacturer.
Consumer telecommunications business
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The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, introduced in 1983, was the world’s first portable commercial handheld cellular phone.
In 1977 Motorola developed a handheld wireless telephone that was able to communicate with the public telephone network through a system of short-range “cells.” By 1985 most major cities in the world were installing cellular systems, and in 1989 the company introduced the MicroTAC flip cellular phone, which quickly became an international status symbol as well as a useful personal communications device. The overwhelming success of cellular telephony inspired the development of Iridium, a system of 66 small satellites deployed in low Earth orbit that enabled communications over virtually the entire surface of Earth. Operational in 1998, Iridium linked existing terrestrial communications systems, including faxes, pagers, computers, and telephones.
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Motorola customer using the DynaTAC 8000X portable cellular phone in Asia, c. 1984.
The service proved too expensive, however, and Motorola divested itself of its interest in Iridium to limit its liability. Losses associated with creating the service and growing competition with other cellular telephone manufacturers created a cash-flow problem that induced the company to begin spinning off various components: its Semiconductor Components Group was sold to a private equity group as On Semiconductor in 1999; its Integrated Information Systems group (which built systems for government and defense contractors) was sold to the General Dynamics Corporation in 2001; its Semiconductor Products Sector (which built the company’s semiconductors, including the PowerPC) was reorganized as the independent corporation Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., in 2004; and its Embedded Communications Group (which provided services and products to manufacturers in defense, aerospace, telecommunications, medical imaging, and industrial automation) was sold to the Emerson Electric Co., in 2007.
Although sales of its semiconductor-based businesses and the introduction of the well-received RAZR V3 cellular telephone in 2004 improved the company’s bottom line, Motorola continued to lose money and market share to rival cellular telephone manufacturers. However, the declining sales began to turn around when in 2009 Motorola introduced smartphones running Android, an operating system released by the search engine company Google, Inc. In 2011 Motorola split into two independent companies. Motorola Mobility, the cellular telephone and home networking components, made smartphones, tablet computers, digital cable television boxes, and modems. Motorola Solutions, the business and government components, made two-way radios and bar code scanners and assembled computer networks. In 2012 Google bought Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion. Google then sold Motorola Mobility in 2014 to the Chinese computer company Lenovo for $2.91 billion but retained many of the company’s patents.
