8 Hotly Disputed Borders of the World
Some borders, like that between the United States and Canada, are peaceful ones. Others are places of conflict caused by rivalries between countries or peoples, disputes over national resources, or disagreements about the past. Eight of the most contentious borders in the world are described in this list.
Senkaku (Diaoyu) islands, East China Sea
On the surface, the Senkaku (Chinese: Diaoyu) islands seem to offer very little to fight over beyond rocks and water. The dispute over these islands, controlled by Japan and claimed by China, intensified after oil and gas fields were found underneath. In 2012 the sale of one of the islands by a wealthy Japanese family to the Japanese government enraged the Chinese population and led to massive anti-Japanese riots. Considering the growing power and assertiveness of China in Asia, many experts warn that the tension over the Senkaku islands could develop into a more serious conflict.
Kuril Islands
The dispute over this volcano-intensive archipelago of 56 islands is the primary reason Japan and Russia have never signed a peace treaty to formalize the end of World War II. At the end of the war, the Soviet Union invaded the Kuril Islands, some of which Imperial Russia had previously controlled. While the transfer of the islands to the Soviet Union was included in the Yalta agreements, Japan continued to claim historical rights to the southernmost islands.
The Korean peninsula
Lest we forget, the Korean War never really came to an end. South and North Korea signed an armistice but no peace treaty, and the two countries continued to face each other in a nerve-racking geopolitical standstill.
Western Sahara
The indigenous inhabitants of Western Sahara, the Saharawis, have fought for their independence against Morocco since the 1970s. Their organization, the Polisario Front, has waged an armed insurgency but also shown its readiness to sit at the negotiation table. In 1991, both parties agreed to a peace proposal under the auspices of the United Nations. The peace proposal specified a referendum for the indigenous Saharawi to decide whether they wanted an independent Western Sahara under Polisario Front leadership or whether the territory would officially become part of Morocco. Peace, however, was not yet in the cards, as Morocco moved tens of thousands of settlers into the territory to influence the referendum results, and Polisario soldiers resumed their armed campaigns. Still, hope for a peaceful resolution remained.
Antarctica
A number of countries, including the United Kingdom, France, and Argentina, have made claims over the frozen continent of Antarctica, but these claims have not been recognized by the international community since the signature of the Antarctica Treaty in 1959. The treaty forbade countries from taking possession of any part of Antarctica with these solemn words: "in the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord.” Some experts believe the discovery of precious natural resources could change the equation and revive countries’ claims to Antarctica. No word yet on a penguin independence movement.
Israel/Palestine
Impossible to ignore, the Israel-Palestine conflict is a source of insecurity for the Middle East and for the world at large.
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Somaliland
The modern borders of Africa are in large part the result of the competition between European colonial powers for the control of the continent. By the late 1880s, Italy, Britain, and France each had colonial holdings in the Somaliland region in the Horn of Africa. In 1960 both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland became independent and joined together to form the new country of Somalia. At the end of the 1980s, the country was shattered by the beginning of a decades-long civil war, and in 1991 the northern region comprising the former British Somaliland declared its independence as the Republic of Somaliland. However, the self-proclaimed country was unrecognized by the international community—a situation that did not change until 2025, when Israel became the first country to recognize it.
Taiwan
After the Japanese defeat in World War II, the island of Taiwan reverted to China. The Chinese government itself, however, was soon overthrown on the mainland by the People’s Liberation Army of Mao Zedong, and the new communist state took the name the People’s Republic of China. The nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek went into exile on the island, which it continued to rule as the Republic of China (ROC). While the People’s Republic of China claims sovereignty over the “rogue province” of Taiwan, the ROC still regards itself as the legitimate government of China on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.