Kuril Islands

Kuril Islands, archipelago in Sakhalin oblast (province), far-eastern Russia. The archipelago extends for 750 miles (1,200 km) from the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia) to the northeastern corner of Hokkaido island (Japan) and separates the Sea of Okhotsk from the Pacific Ocean. The 56 islands cover 6,000 square miles (15,600 square km).

Land, climate, and population

The chain is part of the Ring of Fire, a belt of geologic instability circling the Pacific, and contains at least 100 volcanoes, of which 35 are still active, and many hot springs. Earthquakes and tsunamis are common; the tsunami of 1737 attained a height of 210 feet (64 meters), one of the highest on record. Parallel to the chain, in the Pacific floor, is the Kuril Trench, which reaches a depth of more than 6.5 miles (10.5 km).

The climate in the islands is severe, with long, cold, snowy winters and cool, wet, foggy summers. The average annual precipitation is 30–40 inches (760–1,000 mm), most of which falls as snow, which may occur in any month from the end of September to the beginning of June. Vegetation ranges from tundra on the northern islands to dense forest on the larger southern islands.

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Islands and Archipelagos

The islands are sparsely settled, with a permanent population of some 20,000, and the only significant occupation is fishing, especially for crab. The principal centers are the towns of Kurilsk on Iturup, the largest island, Severo-Kurilsk on Paramushir, and Yuzhno-Kurilsk on Kunashir. Some vegetables are grown on the southern islands.

Settlement history and disputed claims

The Kurils were originally inhabited by the Ainu, and they were later settled by the Russians and Japanese, following several waves of exploration in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1855 Japan and Russia concluded the Treaty of Shimoda, which gave control of the four southernmost islands to Japan and the remainder of the chain to Russia. In the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, signed by those two countries in 1875, Russia ceded possession of the Kurils to Japan in exchange for uncontested control of Sakhalin Island. In 1945, as part of the Yalta agreements (formalized in the 1951 Treaty of Peace with Japan), the islands were ceded to the Soviet Union, and the Japanese population was forcibly relocated and replaced by Soviets.

Japan still claims historical rights to the southernmost islands, which it refers to as the Northern Territories, and has tried repeatedly to persuade the Soviet Union and, from 1991, Russia to return those islands to Japanese sovereignty. As a result of this dispute, Russia and Japan have never formally concluded a peace treaty to end World War II. Although Tokyo continued to press the issue in the 21st century, Russia began a significant military buildup on the islands and showed little interest in ceding the territory back to Japan.