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Pax Mongolica
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Historical map of the Mongol Empire at the death of Kublai Khan in 1294, showing the empire divided into four main khanates: the Golden Horde in the northwest, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, the Chagatai Khanate in central Asia, and the Yuan Dynasty in the east, covering much of China. Major cities such as Karakorum, Beijing (Khanbaliq), Baghdad, and Constantinople are marked. Genghis Khan Map showing the Silk Road network at its peak between 700 and 900 CE, spanning Eurasia and North Africa. It highlights primary overland trade routes in pink, secondary routes in orange, and sea routes in blue, connecting cities such as Chang'an (Xi'an), Samarkand, Baghdad, Constantinople, Venice, and extending to ports along the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and East Asia. Modern international boundaries are also outlined. Illustration from the Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh Victims of the Black Death
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Historical map of the Mongol Empire at the death of Kublai Khan in 1294, showing the empire divided into four main khanates: the Golden Horde in the northwest, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, the Chagatai Khanate in central Asia, and the Yuan Dynasty in the east, covering much of China. Major cities such as Karakorum, Beijing (Khanbaliq), Baghdad, and Constantinople are marked.
Mongol empire at the death of Kublai Khan (1294) During the Pax Mongolica much of Eurasia came under the rule of the Mongol empire and its four major successor khanates, facilitating trade and communication across East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Europe.

Pax Mongolica

Mongol history
Written by
Ethan Teekah
Ethan Teekah is an Associate Editor at Encyclopædia Britannica, where he leads coverage of Asia.
Ethan Teekah
Fact-checked by
Britannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....
Britannica Editors
History

The Pax Mongolica (Latin: “Mongol Peace”) was a period of relative stability, economic integration, and cultural exchange during the 13th and 14th centuries under the Mongol empire and its successor khanates. Following the military conquests initiated by Genghis Khan in 1206, the Mongols unified vast territories stretching from the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the Persian Gulf and the Danube River, creating the largest contiguous land empire in history. At its greatest extent, the...

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