Enlightenment: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- fable, parable, and allegoryModern period
- Western architectureBaroque and Rococo
- Art criticismArt criticism in the 18th century: Enlightenment theory
- AstronomyEnlightenment
- biographyFormal autobiography
- dance criticismThe Enlightenment to Romanticism
- Doctrine of the affections
- HistoriographyEnlightenment historiography
- Philosophy of historySecular approaches: the Enlightenment and beyond
- mathematicsAnalysis and mechanics
- museumThe British Museum
- nonfictional proseAuthor presence
- rhetoricThe Renaissance and after
- history of EuropeSimplicity and truth
- tragedyThe eclipse of tragedy
- Cesare BeccariaEarly life
- Barthold Heinrich Brockes
- Friedrich Rudolf, Freiherr von Canitz
- Olof von Dalin
- Denis Diderot
- Frederick II
- Christian Fürchtegott Gellert
- Gustav III
- Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel
- Edmund HusserlEducation and early life.
- Carl Gustaf af Leopold
- John Locke
- John LockeLast years and influence
- Friedrich Nicolai
- VoltaireHeritage and youth
- Western philosophyThe Enlightenment
- antisemitismAntisemitism in modern Europe
- ChristianityModern views
- ChristianityConflicting Christian attitudes
- ChristianityChristianity from the 16th to the 21st century
- JesusOrigins of the debate
- ChristologyEnlightenment Christology
- evolutionEarly ideas
- EgalitarianismHistorical development
- United StatesFrom a city on a hill to the Great Awakening
- Immanuel Kant
- LutheranismPietism
- MennoniteEurope
- eschatologyEarly progressive millennialism
- FranceThe influence of Montesquieu and Rousseau
- ChristianityCharacteristics of Christian myth and legend
- Philosophy of religionThe Enlightenment
- Philosophy of religionThe Enlightenment
- ProtestantismGermany
- Positivism
- The Protestant HeritageEcumenical concerns
- RaceEnlightenment philosophers and systematists
- Roman CatholicismCatholicism in Revolutionary France
- Roman CatholicismThe content of revelation
- papacyThe early modern papacy: from 1566 to 1774
- theological liberalism
- feminismInfluence of the Enlightenment
- FranceThe Enlightenment
- history of EuropeThe French Revolution
- GermanyThe cultural scene
- human rightsNatural law transformed into natural rights
- ItalyPolitical thought and early attempts at reform
- ItalyThe era of Enlightenment reform
- ItalyThe crisis of the old regime
- AustriaEarly reign of Joseph II, 1780–85
- Czechoslovak historyRe-Catholicization and absolutist rule
- history of Latin AmericaThe Bourbon reforms
- history of Latin AmericaThe independence of Latin America
- history of Latin AmericaConstitutions
- PolandAugustus III
- postcolonialism
- postcolonialismFrom decolonization to postcolonialism
- postcolonialismWriting a noncolonial history
- conservatismConservatism in the 19th century
- social scienceHeritage of the Enlightenment
- SpainDomestic reforms
Additional Reading
Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (1951; originally published in German, 1932); Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, 2 vol. (1966–69, reprinted 1977, 1995); Jonathan Israel, A Revolution of the Mind: Radical Enlightenment and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy (2010); Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment, 2nd ed. (2005).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
-
Brian Duignan
Brian Duignan is a senior editor at Encyclopædia Britannica. His subject areas include philosophy, law, social science, politics, political theory, and religion.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified link of Web site: CFR Education - What is the Enlightenment and How Did it Transform Politics? | Nov 12, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: American Battlefield Trust - Age of Enlightenment. | Jun 12, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: LOUIS Pressbooks - American History to 1865 - Great Awakening and Enlightenment. | Apr 18, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Open University - OpenLearn - The Enlightenment. | Jan 16, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: ABC listen - The Philospher's Zone - What is Enlightenment? | Nov 30, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: LOUIS Pressbooks - Western Civilization II - The Enlightenment. | Oct 01, 2025 | ||
| Media added. | Jul 01, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Chemistry LibreTexts - Great Awakening and Enlightenment. | Mar 14, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Jan 13, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: BBC - Great Lives - A N Wilson selects Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. | Dec 06, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Southampton Institutional Repository - Introduction: aspects of Enlightenment. | Oct 28, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: World History Encyclopedia - The Enlightenment. | Sep 15, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: OpenStax - U.S. History - Great Awakening and Enlightenment. | Sep 14, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: CFR Education - What is the Enlightenment and How Did it Transform Politics? | Mar 28, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Libertarianism.org - Enlightenment. | Feb 12, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Atlantic Canada Pressbooks Network - Western Civilization - The Enlightenment. | Nov 16, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Columbia University - What is Enlightenment? | Sep 04, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Khan Academy - A beginner's guide to the Age of Enlightenment. | May 15, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Humanities LibreTexts - The Enlightenment. | Apr 03, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: British Library - The Enlightenment. | Sep 21, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Alpha History - The Enlightenment. | Aug 25, 2022 | ||
| Article revised and expanded. | Aug 18, 2021 | ||
| Deleted video. | Mar 15, 2021 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Sep 10, 2020 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Sep 10, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: LiveScience - What Was the Enlightenment? | Mar 29, 2019 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jan 17, 2018 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jun 27, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Quatr.us - Enlightenment. | Jul 13, 2016 | ||
| Article revised. | Aug 05, 2015 | ||
| New bibliography added. | Feb 18, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Teachers Curriculum Institute - The Enlightenment. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Literature Network - The Enlightenment. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Literature Network - The Enlightenment. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: HistorywithMr.Green.com - The Enlightenment in Europe. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Teachers Curriculum Institute - The Enlightenment. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Philosophy Pages - The Enlightenment. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Philosophy Pages - The Enlightenment. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: History.com - Enlightenment. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: History.com - Enlightenment. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: HistorywithMr.Green.com - The Enlightenment in Europe. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: UShistory.org - The Impact of Enlightenment in Europe. | Mar 19, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: UShistory.org - The Impact of Enlightenment in Europe. | Feb 10, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: UShistory.org - The Impact of Enlightenment in Europe. | Feb 09, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: International Motorsports Hall of Fame - Juan Manuel Fangio. | Feb 09, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Modern Europe for Kids - Enlightenment. | Feb 09, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Washington State University - The Enlightenment. | Feb 09, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Enlightenment. | Jan 12, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - What Was the Enlightenment. | May 15, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Enlightenment. | May 15, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: US history.org - The Impact of Enlightenment in Europe. | May 15, 2013 | ||
| Media added. | Apr 26, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: US history.org - The Impact of Enlightenment in Europe. | Jul 12, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: How Stuff Works - History - Enlightenment. | Jul 12, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Enlightenment. | Jul 12, 2011 | ||
| Britannica Classic video Voltaire Presents Candide added. | Sep 16, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Canadian Encyclopedia - Bank of Canada. | Nov 05, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Richard Hooker - The Enlightenment. | Jun 20, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Catholic Encyclopedia - Age of Reason. |
|
May 14, 2007 | |
| Media added. | Feb 09, 2007 | ||
| Cross-references added. | Dec 08, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: International World History Project - The Age of Enlightenment. | Aug 03, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Washington State University - The Enlightenment. | Jun 21, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Philosophy Since the Enlightenment. | Jun 16, 2006 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |
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