Presidents & Heads of States, EIS-HUE
President, in government, the officer in whom the chief executive power of a nation is vested. The president of a republic is the head of state, but the actual power of the president varies from country to country; in the United States, Africa, and Latin America the presidential office is charged with great powers and responsibilities, but the office is relatively weak and largely ceremonial in Europe and in many countries where the prime minister, or premier, functions as the chief executive officer.
Presidents & Heads of States Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States (1953â61), who had been supreme commander of the......
Enkhbayar, Nambaryn
Nambaryn Enkhbayar is a Mongolian politician who served as prime minister (2000â04), speaker of parliament (2004â05),......
EroÄlu, DerviĆ
DerviĆ EroÄlu is a Turkish Cypriot physician and politician who served as president of the Turkish Republic of......
Escher, Alfred
Alfred Escher was a dominant figure in 19th-century ZĂŒrich politics and legislator of national prominence who,......
Escher, Hans Conrad
Hans Conrad Escher was a Swiss scientist and politician who was president of the Great Council of the Helvetic......
Estrada Cabrera, Manuel
Manuel Estrada Cabrera was a jurist and politician who became dictator and ruled Guatemala from 1898 to 1920 through......
Estrada Palma, TomĂĄs
TomĂĄs Estrada Palma was the first president of Cuba, whose administration was noted for its sound fiscal policies......
Estrada, Joseph
Joseph Estrada is a Filipino actor and politician who served as president of the Philippines (1998â2001) and later......
Eyadéma, Gnassingbé
Gnassingbé Eyadéma was a soldier who became president of Togo after a military takeover in January 1967. Eyadéma......
FalliĂšres, Armand
Armand FalliĂšres was a French statesman and the eighth president of the French Third Republic. He began his public......
Farrell, Edelmiro J.
Edelmiro J. Farrell was an army general and politician who served as president of Argentina from 1944 to 1946.......
Faure, FĂ©lix
FĂ©lix Faure was the sixth president of the French Third Republic, whose presidency (January 15, 1895, to February......
Faye, Bassirou Diomaye
Bassirou Diomaye Faye is a Senegalese politician and former tax inspector who became the president of Senegal in......
federal indictment of Donald J. Trump (documents case)
On June 8, 2023, Donald J. Trump became the first former U.S. president to be indicted by a federal grand jury.......
federal indictment of Donald Trump (2020 election and January 6 attack)
In August 2023 Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States (2017â21) and the Republican nominee in the......
Fenech Adami, Eddie
Eddie Fenech Adami is a Maltese political leader who twice served as prime minister of Malta (1987â96 and 1998â2004)......
FernĂĄndez de Kirchner, Cristina
Cristina FernĂĄndez de Kirchner is an Argentine lawyer and politician who in 2007 became the first woman elected......
FernĂĄndez Reyna, Leonel
Leonel FernĂĄndez Reyna is a politician who served as president of the Dominican Republic (1996â2000; 2004â12).......
FernĂĄndez, Alberto
Alberto FernĂĄndez is an Argentine politician and lawyer who became president of Argentina in 2020. After a long......
Figueiredo, JoĂŁo Baptista de Oliveira
JoĂŁo Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo was a four-star general and president of Brazil from 1979 to 1985. One of......
Figueres Ferrer, José
José Figueres Ferrer was a moderate socialist Costa Rican statesman who served as president of a governing junta......
Fillmore, Millard
Millard Fillmore was the 13th president of the United States (1850â53), whose insistence on federal enforcement......
FinnbogadĂłttir, VigdĂs
VigdĂs FinnbogadĂłttir is an Icelandic teacher, cultural figure, and politician who served as president of Iceland......
Fonseca, Manuel Deodoro da
Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca was the nominal leader of the coup that toppled Emperor Pedro II. He became the first......
Ford, Gerald
Gerald Ford was the 38th president of the United States (1974â77), who, as 40th vice president, had succeeded to......
Forrer, Ludwig
Ludwig Forrer was a Swiss statesman, twice elected federal president of the Swiss Confederation, who was a noted......
Fouché, Jacobus Johannes
Jacobus Johannes FouchĂ© was a South African politician who served as president of South Africa (1968â74). FouchĂ©......
Fox, Vicente
Vicente Fox is a Mexican businessman and politician who was president of Mexico from 2000 to 2006. His term in......
Franco, Francisco
Francisco Franco was a general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic......
Franco, Itamar
Itamar Franco was a Brazilian politician who served as president of Brazil (1992â95). Franco was born on a ship......
Franjieh, Suleiman
Suleiman Franjieh was a Lebanese politician who, as a leader of one of Lebanonâs powerful Maronite Christian clans......
Frei, Eduardo
Eduardo Frei was a Chilean politician and the first Christian Democratic president of Chile (1964â70). Frei graduated......
Fujimori, Alberto
Alberto Fujimori served as the president of Peru from 1990 to 2000, when he was forced from office amid allegations......
Funes, Mauricio
Mauricio Funes was a Salvadoran television journalist who served as president of El Salvador (2009â14). Funes was......
Furrer, Jonas
Jonas Furrer was a Swiss statesman, who served as the president of the Swiss Confederation four times. A doctor......
Garcia, Carlos P.
Carlos P. Garcia was the fourth president of the Republic of the Philippines. After graduating from law school......
GarcĂa Moreno, Gabriel
Gabriel GarcĂa Moreno was the initiator of a church-oriented dictatorship in Ecuador (1861â75). His rule, oppressive......
GarcĂa, Alan
Alan GarcĂa was a Peruvian politician who twice served as president of Peru (1985â90; 2006â11). GarcĂa studied......
Garfield, James A.
James A. Garfield was the 20th president of the United States (March 4âSeptember 19, 1881). He had the second shortest......
Gaulle, Charles de
Charles de Gaulle was a French soldier, writer, statesman, and architect of Franceâs Fifth Republic. De Gaulle......
Gbagbo, Laurent
Laurent Gbagbo is an Ivoirian educator and politician who became president of CĂŽte dâIvoire in 2000. During his......
Geisel, Ernesto
Ernesto Geisel was an army general who was president of Brazil from 1974 to 1979. A career army officer from an......
Georgia indictment of Donald Trump
On August 14, 2023, Donald Trump was charged in Georgia on 13 counts in connection with his attempt to overturn......
Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej was the longtime head of the Romanian Communist Party, prime minister (1952â55), and president......
Giri, Varahagiri Venkata
Varahagiri Venkata Giri was a statesman, who served as the president of India from 1969 to 1974. Giri began his......
Giscard dâEstaing, ValĂ©ry
ValĂ©ry Giscard dâEstaing was a French political leader, who served as the third president of the Fifth Republic......
Gnassingbé, Faure
Faure GnassingbĂ© is a businessman and politician who has led Togo since 2005, first as president (May 2005âMay......
GomuĆka, WĆadysĆaw
WĆadysĆaw GomuĆka was the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workersâ Party, the ruling......
GonzĂĄlez, Manuel
Manuel GonzĂĄlez was a Mexican soldier and president of Mexico (1880â84). Born on a ranch in the state of Tamaulipas,......
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Mikhail Gorbachev was a Soviet official, general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from......
Gottwald, Klement
Klement Gottwald was a Czechoslovak Communist politician and journalist, successively deputy premier (1945â46),......
Goulart, JoĂŁo
JoĂŁo Goulart was a reformist president of Brazil (1961â64) until he was deposed. The son of a wealthy rancher,......
Gowon, Yakubu
Yakubu Gowon is a Nigerian military leader who served as head of state (1966â75). Gowon was born in what is now......
Grant, Ulysses S.
Ulysses S. Grant was a U.S. general, commander of the Union armies during the late years (1864â65) of the American......
Griffith, Arthur
Arthur Griffith was a journalist and Irish nationalist, principal founder of the powerful Sinn FĂ©in (âWe Ourselvesâ......
Grinius, Kazys
Kazys Grinius was a Lithuanian patriot and statesman who was active in the struggle for independence from Russia......
Gromyko, Andrei
Andrei Gromyko was a Soviet foreign minister (1957â85) and president (1985â88) of the Presidium of the Supreme......
Gronchi, Giovanni
Giovanni Gronchi was a Christian Democrat politician who served as president of Italy from 1955 to 1962. Gronchi......
GrybauskaitÄ, Dalia
Dalia GrybauskaitÄ is a former politician who served as president of Lithuania from 2009 to 2019. She was the first......
Grévy, Jules
Jules GrĂ©vy was a French Republican political figure whose term as president (1879â87) confirmed the establishment......
GrĂmsson, Ălafur Ragnar
Ălafur Ragnar GrĂmsson is an Icelandic educator and politician who was the longest-serving president of Iceland......
GuaidĂł, Juan
Juan GuaidĂł is a Venezuelan politician and leader of the National Assembly (2019â21) who declared himself the interim......
Guelleh, Ismail Omar
Ismail Omar Guelleh is the president of Djibouti. Guelleh was first elected to that post in 1999 and has since......
Guerrero, Vicente
Vicente Guerrero was a hero of the Mexican efforts to secure independence. Guerrero began his military career in......
GusmĂŁo, Xanana
Xanana GusmĂŁo is an East Timorese independence leader and politician who served as the first president (2002â07)......
Gutiérrez, Lucio
Lucio GutiĂ©rrez is an Ecuadoran army colonel and politician who served as president of Ecuador (2003â05). GutiĂ©rrez......
GuzmĂĄn Blanco, Antonio
Antonio GuzmĂĄn Blanco was a Venezuelan president and typical Latin American caudillo (military leader or dictator)......
GuzmĂĄn FernĂĄndez, Antonio
Antonio GuzmĂĄn FernĂĄndez was the president of the Dominican Republic from May 1978 to July 1982. At the age of......
GĂłmez FarĂas, ValentĂn
ValentĂn GĂłmez FarĂas was the leader of Mexican liberalism in the mid-19th century, notable for his social reforms......
GĂłmez, Juan Vicente
Juan Vicente GĂłmez was the dictator of Venezuela from 1908 until 1935, reputed to have been the wealthiest man......
GĂłmez, Laureano Eleuterio
Laureano Eleuterio GĂłmez was an extremely conservative politician who was president of Colombia (1950â53) until......
GĂŒl, Abdullah
Abdullah GĂŒl is a Turkish politician who served as prime minister (2002â03) and president of Turkey (2007â14).......
Habibie, B.J.
B.J. Habibie was an Indonesian aircraft engineer and politician who was president of Indonesia (1998â99) and a......
Habyarimana, Juvénal
Juvénal Habyarimana was an army officer and a politician who ruled Rwanda almost single-handedly for more than......
Hainisch, Michael
Michael Hainisch was an Austrian economist and statesman who served as the first president of the federal republic......
Halonen, Tarja
Tarja Halonen is a Finnish politician who served as president of Finland (2000â12), the first woman elected to......
Harding, Warren G.
Warren G. Harding was the 29th president of the United States (1921â23). Pledging a nostalgic âreturn to normalcyâ......
Harrison, Benjamin
Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd president of the United States (1889â93), a moderate Republican who won an electoral......
Harrison, William Henry
William Henry Harrison was the ninth president of the United States (1841), whose Indian campaigns, while he was......
Hassan, Samia Suluhu
Samia Suluhu Hassan is a Tanzanian politician who has served as president of Tanzania since 2021. She is the first......
Havel, VĂĄclav
VĂĄclav Havel was a Czech playwright, poet, and political dissident who, after the fall of communism, was president......
Hayes, Rutherford B.
Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States (1877â81), who brought post-Civil War Reconstruction......
Herrera CampĂns, Luis
Luis Herrera CampĂns was a politician who served as president of Venezuela from 1979 to 1984. Born into a middle-class......
Herzog, Chaim
Chaim Herzog was an Irish-born Israeli politician, soldier, lawyer, and author. He was an eloquent and passionate......
Herzog, Isaac
Isaac Herzog is an Israeli lawyer and politician who has served as president of Israel since 2021. Herzog belongs......
Herzog, Roman
Roman Herzog was a German politician who served as the second president of reunified Germany (1994â99). Herzog......
Heureaux, Ulises
Ulises Heureaux was the president of the Dominican Republic who allowed most of his countryâs economy to fall under......
Heuss, Theodor
Theodor Heuss was a liberal democratic legislator, the first president of West Germany, author, and leader of the......
Higgins, Michael D.
Michael D. Higgins is an Irish politician, human rights activist, university lecturer, and poet who served as president......
Hillery, Patrick J.
Patrick J. Hillery was an Irish politician who served as the sixth president of Ireland (1976â90). He was the youngest......
Hindenburg, Paul von
Paul von Hindenburg was a German field marshal during World War I and the second president of the Weimar Republic......
Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh was the founder of the Indochina Communist Party (1930) and its successor, the Viet-Minh (1941), and......
Hollande, François
François Hollande is a French politician who was president of France (2012â17). He earlier served as first secretary......
Honecker, Erich
Erich Honecker was a communist official who, as first secretary of East Germanyâs Socialist Unity Party of Germany......
Hoover, Herbert
Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States (1929â33). Hooverâs reputation as a humanitarianâearned......
Houphouët-Boigny, Félix
FĂ©lix HouphouĂ«t-Boigny was a politician and physician who was president of CĂŽte dâIvoire (Ivory Coast) from independence......
Houston, Sam
Sam Houston was an American lawyer and politician, a leader in the Texas Revolution (1834â36) who later served......
Hoxha, Enver
Enver Hoxha was the first communist chief of state of Albania. As that countryâs ruler for 40 years after World......
Hu Jintao
Hu Jintao is a Chinese politician and government official who was general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party......
Huerta, Adolfo de la
Adolfo de la Huerta was a politician who served as interim president of Mexico in 1920. De la Huerta worked in......