Industry, SHA-TAN
Industry, a group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of income. In economics, industries are customarily classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary; secondary industries are further classified as heavy and light.
Industry Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Shaduf
Shaduf, hand-operated device for lifting water, invented in ancient times and still used in India, Egypt, and some......
shale gas
shale gas, natural gas obtained from sheetlike formations of shale, frequently at depths exceeding 1,500 metres......
shale oil
shale oil, in fossil fuel production, either a synthetic crude oil that is extracted from oil shale by means of......
shaper
shaper, metal-cutting machine in which the workpiece is usually held in a vise or similar device that is clamped......
shearing
shearing, in textile manufacturing, the cutting of the raised nap of a pile fabric to a uniform height to enhance......
shell structure
shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by......
sherardizing
sherardizing, means of forming a uniform, corrosion-resistant coating of zinc on the surface of iron or steel objects.......
Shibusawa Eiichi, Shishaku
Shishaku Shibusawa Eiichi was a Japanese government official who helped establish the reforms that put Japan on......
Shingle
Shingle, thin piece of building material, usually with a butt end thicker than the other. Shingles are widely used......
ship construction
ship construction, complex of activities concerned with the design and fabrication of all marine vehicles. Ship......
shipyard
shipyard, shore establishment for building and repairing ships. The shipbuilding facilities of the ancient and......
shoring
shoring, form of prop or support, usually temporary, that is used during the repair or original construction of......
Shotcrete
Shotcrete, concrete applied by spraying. Shotcrete is a mixture of aggregate and portland cement, conveyed by compressed......
shuttle
shuttle, In the weaving of cloth, a spindle-shaped device used to carry the crosswise threads (weft) through the......
siderite
siderite, iron carbonate (FeCO3), a widespread mineral that is an ore of iron. The mineral commonly occurs in thin......
Siding
Siding, material used to surface the exterior of a building to protect against exposure to the elements, prevent......
silane
silane, any of a series of covalently bonded compounds containing only the elements silicon and hydrogen, having......
silicone
silicone, any of a diverse class of fluids, resins, or elastomers based on polymerized siloxanes, substances whose......
Silkscreen
Silkscreen, sophisticated stenciling technique for surface printing, in which a design is cut out of paper or another......
silver
silver (Ag), chemical element, a white lustrous metal valued for its decorative beauty and electrical conductivity.......
silver processing
silver processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Silver has long been valued for its white......
silvering
silvering, process of making mirrors by coating glass with silver, discovered by the German chemist Justus von......
sintering
sintering, the welding together of small particles of metal by applying heat below the melting point. The process......
Sizing
Sizing, coating with a gelatinous or other substance to add strength or stiffness or to reduce absorbency. In the......
slab
slab, In architecture, a flat, monolithic piece of stone or concrete used for a floor or roof. There are various......
slag
slag, by-product formed in smelting, welding, and other metallurgical and combustion processes from impurities......
sliver
sliver, in yarn production, loose, soft, untwisted ropelike strand of textile fibre having a roughly uniform thickness.......
slurry
slurry, watery mixture or suspension of insoluble matter. In the manufacture of portland cement, a mixture of the......
small modular reactor
small modular reactor (SMR), any nuclear reactor designed to have a lower energy output and a relatively small......
smelting
smelting, process by which a metal is obtained, either as the element or as a simple compound, from its ore by......
smithing
smithing, Fabrication and repair of metal objects by hot and cold forging on an anvil or with a power hammer or......
smoking
smoking, in food processing, the exposure of cured meat and fish products to smoke for the purposes of preserving......
soap and detergent
soap and detergent, substances that, when dissolved in water, possess the ability to remove dirt from surfaces......
soda-lime glass
soda-lime glass, most common form of glass produced. It is composed of about 70 percent silica (silicon dioxide),......
sodium
sodium (Na), chemical element of the alkali metal group (Group 1 [Ia]) of the periodic table. Sodium is a very......
soft coal
soft coal, in the United States, bituminous coal (q.v.), as opposed to hard coal, or anthracite. In Europe the......
solar cell
solar cell, any device that directly converts the energy of light into electrical energy through the photovoltaic......
solar heating
solar heating, the use of sunlight to heat water or air in buildings. There are two types of solar heating, passive......
solar oven
solar oven, a device that harnesses sunlight as a source of heat for cooking foodstuffs. The solar oven is a simple,......
solar panel
solar panel, a component of a photovoltaic system that is made out of a series of photovoltaic cells arranged to......
solar pond
solar pond, any large human-made body of salt water that collects and stores solar energy, thereby providing a......
solar power
solar power, form of renewable energy generated by the conversion of solar energy (namely sunlight) and artificial......
solar tracker
solar tracker, a system that positions an object at an angle relative to the Sun. The most-common applications......
solar water heater
solar water heater, device that uses solar heat energy to produce hot water. A typical solar water heater consists......
solar-powered desalination unit
solar-powered desalination unit, device that transforms salt water into drinking water by converting the Sun’s......
soldering
soldering, process that uses low-melting-point metal alloys to join metallic surfaces without melting them. The......
solid-state battery
solid-state battery, device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy by using a solid electrolyte to......
space-based solar power
space-based solar power, the collection in space of solar energy, which is then transmitted as a microwave or laser......
spark plug
spark plug, device that fits into the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine and carries two electrodes......
spelter
spelter, zinc in the form of slabs cast from the liquid obtained in the process of reducing the ores. Spelter is......
sphalerite
sphalerite, zinc sulfide (ZnS), the chief ore mineral of zinc. It is found associated with galena in most important......
spindle and whorl
spindle and whorl, Earliest device for spinning fibres into thread or yarn. The spinster lets the spindle fall......
spinning
spinning, in textiles, process of drawing out fibres from a mass and twisting them together to form a continuous......
spinning
spinning, In metalwork, a technique for making hollow metal utensils and artifacts. Developed in the 19th century,......
Spinning jenny
Spinning jenny, early multiple-spindle machine for spinning wool or cotton, invented by James Hargreaves in England......
spinning mule
spinning mule, Multiple-spindle spinning machine invented by Samuel Crompton (1779), which permitted large-scale......
spinning wheel
spinning wheel, early machine for turning fibre into thread or yarn, which was then woven into cloth on a loom.......
splice
splice, permanent joining of two ropes by interweaving their strands. In the short splice the strands of each rope......
spodumene
spodumene, a lithium aluminum silicate mineral (LiAlSi2O6) in the pyroxene family, an important ore of lithium......
spray gun
spray gun, painting tool using compressed air from a nozzle to atomize a liquid into a controlled pattern. The......
Square Deal
Square Deal , description by U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt (served 1901–09) of his personal approach to current......
square sail
square sail, simplest form of rigging and the most ancient. The sails are attached to yards (crossbars) that are......
stainless steel
stainless steel, any one of a family of alloy steels usually containing 10 to 30 percent chromium. In conjunction......
standardization
standardization, in industry, the development and application of standards that permit large production runs of......
stannite
stannite, a sulfide mineral, chemical formula Cu2FeSnS4, that is an ore of tin. It is ordinarily found associated......
statistical quality control
statistical quality control, the use of statistical methods in the monitoring and maintaining of the quality of......
steam engine
steam engine, machine using steam power to perform mechanical work through the agency of heat. (Read James Watt’s......
steel
steel, alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2 percent (with a higher carbon content,......
- Introduction
- Heat Treating, Hardening, Tempering
- Testing, Properties, Manufacturing
- Construction, Automotive, Tools
- Wear-Resistant, Alloy, Hardening
- Shaping, Surfacing, Alloying
- Smelting, Alloying, Refining
- Oxygen Removal, Alloying, Refining
- Basic Oxygen, Refining, Alloying
- Electric Arc, Alloy, Refining
- Open Hearth, Alloy, Manufacturing
- Secondary Smelting, Alloying, Refining
- Ladle Metallurgy, Alloying, Refining
- Vacuum Treatment, Alloying, Heat Treatment
- Casting, Alloy, Heat Treatment
- Continuous Casting, Alloying, Heat Treatment
- Casting, Procedures, Alloying
- Alloying, Heat Treatment, Casting
- Forming, Alloying, Heat Treating
- Slabs, Blooms, Manufacturing
- Hot Rolling, Alloying, Tempering
- Billets, Bars, Rods
- Tubes, Manufacturing, Strength
- Heat Treating, Alloying, Hardening
- Heat Treating, Annealing, Tempering
- Production, Uses, Types
- Bessemer Process, Alloy, Strength
- Alloying, Properties, Uses
- Forming, Casting, Alloying
- Production, Manufacturing, Alloy
stereotype
stereotype, type of printing plate developed in the late 18th century and widely used in letterpress, newspaper,......
Stevens, John
John Stevens was an American lawyer, inventor, and promoter of the development of steam power for transportation.......
Stevens, Robert Livingston
Robert Livingston Stevens was a U.S. engineer and ship designer who invented the widely used inverted-T railroad......
stoker
stoker, machine for feeding coal or other solid fuel into a furnace, usually supporting the fuel during combustion.......
stoping
stoping, in mining engineering, the opening of large underground rooms, or stopes, by the excavation of ore. Stoping......
storage
storage, the means of holding and protecting commodities for later use. Foodstuffs were probably the first goods......
streamlining
streamlining, in aerodynamics, the contouring of an object, such as an aircraft body, to reduce its drag, or resistance......
strip mining
strip mining, removal of soil and rock (overburden) above a layer or seam (particularly coal), followed by the......
strontianite
strontianite, a strontium carbonate mineral (SrCO3) that is the original and principal source of strontium. It......
structural clay products
structural clay products, ceramic products intended for use in building construction. Typical structural clay products......
structural system
structural system, in building construction, the particular method of assembling and constructing structural elements......
styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer
styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), a rigid, transparent plastic produced by the copolymerization of styrene......
styrene-butadiene and styrene-isoprene block copolymers
styrene-butadiene and styrene-isoprene block copolymers (SBR), two related triblock copolymers that consist of......
styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer
styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a thermoplastic resin produced by the copolymerization of styrene and maleic......
subbituminous coal
subbituminous coal, generally dark brown to black coal, intermediate in rank between lignite and bituminous coal......
sulfite process
sulfite process, chemical process for the manufacture of paper pulp that employs an acid bisulfite solution to......
sulfur dye
sulfur dye, any of a group of sulfur-containing, complex synthetic organic dyes applied from an alkaline solution......
sump pump
sump pump, device that removes accumulations of water or other liquids from a sump pit, the lowest point in a drainage......
supercharger
supercharger, in piston-type internal-combustion engines, air compressor or blower used to increase the intake......
supercritical carbon dioxide turbine
supercritical carbon dioxide turbine, type of heat engine that uses supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2)—a state......
supergene sulfide enrichment
supergene sulfide enrichment, in geology, natural upgrading of buried sulfide deposits by the secondary or subsequent......
surface coating
surface coating, any mixture of film-forming materials plus pigments, solvents, and other additives, which, when......
surface hardening
surface hardening, treatment of steel by heat or mechanical means to increase the hardness of the outer surface......
surface mining
surface mining, method of extracting minerals near the surface of the Earth. The three most common types of surface......
swage
swage, Perforated cast-iron or steel block with grooved sides, used by metalworkers for shaping their work by holding......
Symington, William
William Symington was a British engineer who developed (1801) a successful steam-driven paddle wheel and used it......
synchronous motor
synchronous motor, alternating-current electric motor designed to run at a speed that is directly proportional......
taconite
taconite, a low-grade siliceous iron ore composed of 20–30 percent magnetite that occurs in fine-grained banded......
taffeta
taffeta, fine, crisp plain-woven fabric with a faint weft, or filling-way, rib due to the greater number of warp......
tall oil
tall oil, dark, odorous liquid by-product of the sulfate (kraft) process of paper manufacture, used after refining......
tantalite
tantalite, tantalum-rich variety of the mineral columbite (q.v.) with the chemical formula (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6. Tantalite......
tantalum
tantalum (Ta), chemical element, bright, very hard, silver-gray metal of Group 5 (Vb) of the periodic table, characterized......