Civil Engineering, GAL-HER
Civil engineering, the profession of designing and executing structural works that serve the general public. The term was first used in the 18th century to distinguish the newly recognized profession from military engineering, until then preeminent.
Civil Engineering Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Galilee
Galilee, a large porch or narthex, originally for penitents, at the west end of a church. The galilee was developed......
Gallery
Gallery, in architecture, any covered passage that is open at one side, such as a portico or a colonnade. More......
Gard, Pont du
Pont du Gard, giant bridge-aqueduct, a notable ancient Roman engineering work constructed about 19 bce to carry......
garden and landscape design
garden and landscape design, the development and decorative planting of gardens, yards, grounds, parks, and other......
- Introduction
- Art, Science, Nature
- Form, Texture, Color
- Time, Climate, Season
- Accent, Contrast, Elements
- Water Features, Plantings, & Design Principles
- Formal, Informal, Naturalistic
- Historical Development
- European Styles, Plants & Techniques
- French, 17th & 18th Century
- 19th Century, Aesthetics, Nature
- Japanese, Zen, Nature
gas burner
gas burner, heating device in which natural gas is used for fuel. Gas may be supplied to the burner prior to combustion......
gas mask
gas mask, breathing device designed to protect the wearer against harmful substances in the air. The typical gas......
gate
gate, in hydraulic engineering, movable barrier for controlling the passage of fluid through a channel or sluice.......
gauge
gauge, in railroad transportation, the width between the inside faces of running rails. Because the cost of construction......
Gauthey, Emiland-Marie
Emiland-Marie Gauthey was a French engineer, best known for his construction of the Charolais Canal, or Canal du......
Gautier, Hubert
Hubert Gautier was a French engineer and scientist, known as the author of the first book on bridge building. After......
Geddes, James
James Geddes was an American civil engineer, lawyer, and politician who played a leading role in the construction......
genetic engineering
genetic engineering, the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid......
Geodesic dome
Geodesic dome, spherical form in which lightweight triangular or polygonal facets consisting of either skeletal......
Geoengineering
Geoengineering, the large-scale manipulation of a specific process central to controlling Earthâs climate for the......
George Washington Bridge
George Washington Bridge, vehicular suspension bridge crossing the Hudson River, U.S., between The Palisades park......
geothermal heat pump
A geothermal heat pump (GHP) is a heating and cooling system that takes advantage of the relatively stable moderate......
Gessi, Romolo
Romolo Gessi was an Italian soldier and explorer who served in the Egyptian Sudan under Gen. Charles George Gordon......
Ghent-Terneuzen Canal
Ghent-Terneuzen Canal, waterway running 31 km (19 miles) south to north between Ghent, Belgium, and the Western......
Gibbs, William Francis
William Francis Gibbs was a naval architect and marine engineer who directed the mass production of U.S. cargo......
Gil de Hontañón, Rodrigo
Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón was a celebrated Spanish architect who is perhaps best known for his treatise on architecture.......
Gilbert, Rufus Henry
Rufus Henry Gilbert was a U.S. surgeon and transit expert who played a major role in the development of rapid transit......
Giocondo, Fra Giovanni
Fra Giovanni Giocondo was an Italian humanist, architect, and engineer, whose designs and written works signal......
girder
girder, in building construction, a horizontal main supporting beam that carries a vertical concentrated load.......
goggles
goggles, any of a variety of protective eyewear set in a flexible frame that sits snugly against the face. Goggles......
Golden Gate Bridge
Golden Gate Bridge, suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate strait in California to link San Francisco with......
Golden Spike National Historic Site
Golden Spike National Historic Site, national historic site at Promontory in Box Elder county, northern Utah, U.S.,......
Goldin, Daniel
Daniel Goldin is an American engineer who was the longest-serving National Aeronautics and Space Administration......
Goldmark, Peter Carl
Peter Carl Goldmark was an American engineer who developed the first commercial colour-television system and the......
Goldsmid, Sir Frederick John
Sir Frederick John Goldsmid was a major general in the British Army who, through negotiations with several Asian......
Golosov, Ilya Aleksandrovich
Ilya Aleksandrovich Golosov was a Russian architect who worked in various styles but attained his highest distinction......
Gooch, Sir Daniel, 1st Baronet
Sir Daniel Gooch, 1st Baronet was an English railway pioneer and mechanical engineer who laid the first successful......
Good Roads Movement
Good Roads Movement, broad-based crusade to build and improve the condition of U.S. roads in the late 1800s that......
gopura
gopura, in south Indian architecture, the entrance gateway to a Hindu temple enclosure. Relatively small at first,......
Gordie Howe International Bridge
Gordie Howe International Bridge, cable-stayed international bridge crossing the Detroit River between Windsor,......
Gotthard Base Tunnel
Gotthard Base Tunnel, railway tunnel under the Saint-Gotthard Massif in the Lepontine Alps in southern Switzerland,......
Gould, Jay
Jay Gould was an American railroad executive, financier, and speculator. He was an important railroad developer......
Graceland
Graceland, mansion that was American singer Elvis Presleyâs home from 1957 to 1977. Today it is a major tourist......
grader
grader, in excavation, precision finishing vehicle for final shaping of surfaces on which pavement will be placed.......
Grahame-White, Claude
Claude Grahame-White was an English aviator who played a seminal role in early British aviation. (Read Orville......
Grand Canal
Grand Canal, series of waterways in eastern and northern China that link Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing.......
Grand Canal dâAlsace
Grand Canal dâAlsace, waterway along the Rhine River, in eastern France, designed in 1922. The first section, at......
Grand Coulee Dam
Grand Coulee Dam, gravity dam on the Columbia River in the state of Washington, U.S. It was originally a project......
Grand Palais
Grand Palais, exhibition hall and museum complex built between the Champs-ĂlysĂ©es and the Seine River in Paris......
Grand Trunk Railway
Grand Trunk Railway, early Canadian railway line, incorporated in 1852â53 to build a railway connecting the key......
Grande Dixence Dam
Grande Dixence Dam, gravity dam on the Dixence River, Switzerland, completed in 1961. It is 285 metres (935 feet)......
Granger movement
Granger movement, coalition of U.S. farmers, particularly in the Middle West, that fought monopolistic grain transport......
Granite Railway
Granite Railway, first commercial railroad in the United States. Chartered on March 4, 1826, it was designed and......
gravity dam
gravity dam, a concrete or masonry dam so proportioned that it will resist overturning and sliding forces by its......
Great Bath
Great Bath, ancient structure at Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, an archaeological site featuring ruins of the Indus civilization.......
Great hall
Great hall, main apartment in a medieval manor house, monastery, or college, in which meals were taken. In large......
Great Man-Made River
Great Man-Made River (GMR), vast network of underground pipelines and aqueducts bringing high-quality fresh water......
Greathead, James Henry
James Henry Greathead was a British civil engineer who improved the tunneling shield, the basic tool of underwater......
Greek-cross plan
Greek-cross plan, church plan in the form of a Greek cross, with a square central mass and four arms of equal length.......
greeting card
greeting card, an illustrated message that expresses, either seriously or humorously, affection, good will, gratitude,......
Gresham, Sir Thomas
Sir Thomas Gresham was an English merchant, financier, and founder of the Royal Exchange. Gresham was educated......
Griffith, Sir Richard John, 1st Baronet
Sir Richard John Griffith, 1st Baronet was an Irish geologist and civil engineer who has sometimes been called......
groin
groin, in coastal engineering, a long, narrow structure built out into the water from a beach in order to prevent......
Gropius, Walter
Walter Gropius was a German American architect and educator who, particularly as director of the Bauhaus (1919â28),......
Gruen, Victor
Victor Gruen was an Austrian-born American architect and city planner best known as a pioneer of the regional shopping......
Guericke, Otto von
Otto von Guericke was a German physicist, engineer, and natural philosopher who invented the first air pump and......
Guettard, Jean-Ătienne
Jean-Ătienne Guettard was a French geologist and mineralogist who was the first to survey and map the geologic......
Guimard, Hector
Hector Guimard was an architect, decorator, and furniture designer, probably the best-known French representative......
gurdwara
gurdwara, in Sikhism, a place of worship in India and overseas. The gurdwara containsâon a cot under a canopyâa......
Guri Dam
Guri Dam, hydroelectric project and reservoir on the CaronĂ River, BolĂvar State, eastern Venezuela, on the site......
gymnasium
gymnasium, large room used and equipped for the performance of various sports. The history of the gymnasium dates......
Gypsum plaster
Gypsum plaster, white cementing material made by partial or complete dehydration of the mineral gypsum, commonly......
Göta Canal
Göta Canal, artificial waterway that crosses southern Sweden to connect Lake VÀnern with the Baltic Sea. For most......
Hagioscope
Hagioscope, in architecture, any opening, usually oblique, cut through a wall or a pier in the chancel of a church......
Half-timber work
Half-timber work, method of building in which external and internal walls are constructed of timber frames and......
Hall
Hall, a meeting place, entry, or passageway, ranging in size from a large reception room in a public building to......
hall church
hall church, church in which the aisles are approximately equal in height to the nave. The interior is typically......
Hall, Samuel
Samuel Hall was an English engineer and inventor of the surface condenser for steam boilers. The son of a cotton......
halogen lamp
halogen lamp, Incandescent lamp with a quartz bulb and a gas filling that includes a halogen. It gives brilliant......
halon
halon, chemical compound formerly used in firefighting. A halon may be any of a group of organohalogen compounds......
hammer-beam roof
hammer-beam roof, English medieval timber roof system used when a long span was needed. Not a true truss, the construction......
Hammond, John Hays
John Hays Hammond was a U.S. mining engineer who helped develop gold mining in South Africa and California. In......
Harbors and sea works
Harbors and sea works, any part of a body of water and the constructions surrounding it that sufficiently shelters......
Harriman, Edward Henry
Edward Henry Harriman was an American financier and railroad magnate, one of the leading builders and organizers......
Harrison, Peter
Peter Harrison was a British-American architect who became popular through his adaptations of designs by the great......
Harrison, Wallace K
Wallace K. Harrison was an American architect best known as head of the group of architects that designed the United......
Haupt, Herman
Herman Haupt was an American civil engineer and inventor, known especially for his work on the Hoosac Tunnel in......
Hawkshaw, Sir John
Sir John Hawkshaw was a British civil engineer noted for his work on the Charing Cross and Cannon Street railways,......
Hayden, Ferdinand Vandiveer
Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden was an American geologist who was a pioneer investigator of the western United States.......
Hayden, Sophia
Sophia Hayden was an American architect who fought for the aesthetic integrity of her design for the Womanâs Building......
Hayford, John Fillmore
John Fillmore Hayford was an American civil engineer and early geodesist who established the theory of isostasy.......
Haynes, Elwood
Elwood Haynes was an American automobile pioneer who built one of the first automobiles. He successfully tested......
hazardous-waste management
hazardous-waste management, the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste material that, when improperly handled,......
heat pump
heat pump, device for transferring heat from a substance or space at one temperature to another substance or space......
heating
heating, process and system of raising the temperature of an enclosed space for the primary purpose of ensuring......
hedgerow
hedgerow, Fence or boundary formed by a dense row of shrubs or low trees. Hedgerows enclose or separate fields,......
Hefner, Lake
Lake Hefner, storage reservoir in northwestern Oklahoma City, U.S., that supplies domestic water to the metropolitan......
Hejaz Railway
Hejaz Railway, railroad between Damascus and Medina (now in Saudi Arabia), one of the principal railroads of the......
Hellenic Parliament Building
Hellenic Parliament Building, ochre-coloured Neoclassical building on the east side of SĂntagma Square in Athens,......
helmet
helmet, defensive covering for the head, one of the most universal forms of armour. Helmets are usually thought......
Hennebique, François
François Hennebique was a French engineer who devised the technique of construction with reinforced concrete. Hennebiqueâs......
Heraeum
Heraeum, in ancient Greece, a temple or sanctuary dedicated to Hera, queen of the Olympian gods. The most important......