Architecture, HOS-LES
Architecture is a sphere of art and design in which functionality and aesthetics can combine to produce visually stunning structures that manage to both catch the eye and serve a functional purpose. The expansive variety of architectural styles that have been employed throughout the ages underscores the fact that not every building need look the same, a principle that is readily apparent when comparing Gothic cathedrals with igloos or pagodas with cliff dwellings. Although architecture is commonly associated first and foremost with the design and construction of buildings, landscape architects may work with gardens, parks, and other planned outdoor areas, aiding in the development and decorative planning of such spaces.
Architecture Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Hostile architecture
Hostile architecture, urban design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to guide or restrict certain......
Hotel
Hotel, building that provides lodging, meals, and other services to the traveling public on a commercial basis.......
houseboat
houseboat, in its simplest form, a cabin of one or two rooms built on a flat-bottomed scow, drawing only from 12......
How was the Eiffel Tower built?
The Eiffel Tower was constructed using advanced engineering techniques and a small labor force over a period of......
How was the Great Wall of China made?
The Great Wall of China was constructed using a variety of materials and techniques, evolving over centuries to......
How was the Roman Colosseum built?
The Roman Colosseum was constructed using a combination of innovative engineering techniques and a variety of materials,......
Howard, Sir Ebenezer
Sir Ebenezer Howard was the founder of the English garden-city movement, which influenced urban planning throughout......
huiguan
huiguan, series of guildhalls established by regional organizations (tongxiang hui) in different areas of China......
Humann, Karl
Karl Humann was a German engineer and archaeologist, whose excavation of the ancient Greek city of Pergamum (now......
Humayun’s Tomb
Humayun’s Tomb, one of the earliest extant examples of the garden tomb characteristic of Mughal-era architecture,......
Hunt, Richard Morris
Richard Morris Hunt was an architect who established in the United States the manner and traditions of the French......
Héré de Corny, Emmanuel
Emmanuel Héré de Corny was a French court architect to Stanisław Leszczyński, duke of Lorraine, best known for......
Hōryū Temple
Hōryū Temple, Japanese Buddhist temple complex in the town of Ikaruga, northwestern Nara ken (prefecture), west-central......
iconostasis
iconostasis, in Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine tradition, a solid screen of stone, wood, or metal, usually......
Ictinus
Ictinus was a Greek architect, one of the most celebrated of Athens, known for his work on the Parthenon on the......
Igloo
Igloo, temporary winter home or hunting-ground dwelling of Canadian and Greenland Inuit (Eskimos). The term igloo,......
Imhotep
Imhotep was a vizier, sage, architect, astrologer, and chief minister to Djoser (reigned c. 2592–c. 2566 bce),......
Inn
Inn, building that affords public lodging, and sometimes meals and entertainment, to travelers. The inn has been......
Insula
Insula, (Latin: “island”), in architecture, block of grouped but separate buildings or a single structure in ancient......
International Style
International Style, architectural style that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and ’30s and......
Ionic order
Ionic order, one of the orders of classical architecture. Its distinguishing feature is the twin volutes, or spiral......
Ireland Has It All, Including These 12 Incredible Feats of Architecture
The 18th-century Castletown House is Ireland’s most notable country house, not least because it reportedly influenced......
Isabelline
Isabelline, vigorous, inventive, and cosmopolitan architectural style created during the joint reign of Ferdinand......
Ishtar Gate
Ishtar Gate, enormous burnt-brick entryway located over the main thoroughfare in the ancient city of Babylon (now......
Islamic architecture
Islamic architecture, building traditions of Muslim populations of the Middle East and elsewhere from the 7th century......
Isozaki, Arata
Arata Isozaki was a Japanese architect who, during a six-decade career, designed more than 100 buildings, each......
Ito, Toyo
Toyo Ito is a Japanese architect known for his innovative designs and for taking a fresh approach to each of his......
Jacobean age
Jacobean age, (from Latin Jacobus, “James”), period of visual and literary arts during the reign of James I of......
Jacobs, Jane
Jane Jacobs was an American-born Canadian urbanologist noted for her clear and original observations on urban life......
Jacobsen, Arne
Arne Jacobsen was a Danish architect and designer of many important buildings in an austere modern style. He is......
Jacopo della Quercia
Jacopo della Quercia was one of the most original Italian sculptors of the early 15th century. His innovative work......
Jahn, Helmut
Helmut Jahn was a German-born American architect known for his postmodern steel-and-glass structures. After graduating......
Japanese architecture
Japanese architecture, the built structures of Japan and their context. A pervasive characteristic of Japanese......
Jekyll, Gertrude
Gertrude Jekyll was an English landscape architect who was the most successful advocate of the natural garden and......
Jenney, William Le Baron
William Le Baron Jenney was an American civil engineer and architect whose technical innovations were of primary......
Jensen, Jens
Jens Jensen was a highly original landscape architect whose public and private works, mostly in the U.S. Midwest,......
Jin Mao Tower
...
Johnson, Philip
Philip Johnson was an American architect and critic known both for his promotion of the International Style and,......
Jones, Inigo
Inigo Jones was a British painter, architect, and designer who founded the English classical tradition of architecture.......
Jones, Owen
Owen Jones was an English designer, architect, and writer, best known for his standard work treating both Eastern......
Joy, Rick
Rick Joy is an American architect based in Tucson, Arizona, known especially for his works in desert settings.......
Jube
Jube, (from the French jubé), construction marking off the chancel, or sanctuary, of a church from the rest of......
Jugendstil
Jugendstil, artistic style that arose in Germany about the mid-1890s and continued through the first decade of......
jusimpo style
jusimpo style, Korean adaptation of the Chinese architecture of the Tang period (618–907 ce). Tang architecture......
Juvarra, Filippo
Filippo Juvarra was an architect and stage designer who attained fame throughout Europe during the early part of......
Kahn, Albert
Albert Kahn was an industrial architect and planner known for his designs of American automobile factories. In......
Kahn, Louis
Louis Kahn was an American architect whose buildings, characterized by powerful, massive forms, made him one of......
Kappe, Ray
Ray Kappe was an American architect and educator known for his angular and expansive Modernist residences in southern......
kara-yō
kara-yō, (Japanese: “Chinese style”), one of the three main Japanese styles of Buddhist temple architecture in......
Karnatic temple architecture
Karnatic temple architecture, style of architecture employed largely in the Karnātaka (formerly Mysore) area of......
Kazakov, Matvey Fyodorovich
Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov was one of the first Russian architects of Neoclassicism, often called the “master of......
keep
keep, English term corresponding to the French donjon for the strongest portion of the fortification of a castle,......
Kensington Palace
Kensington Palace, royal palace in the London borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Its grounds border the extensive......
Kent, William
William Kent was an English architect, interior designer, landscape gardener, and painter. He was a principal master......
Keyser, Hendrick de
Hendrick de Keyser was the most important Dutch sculptor of his day and an architect whose works formed a transition......
Keyser, Thomas de
Thomas de Keyser was a Dutch Baroque painter and architect, best known for his portraiture of leading civic figures......
khan
khan, type of inn once found in the Middle East and parts of North Africa and Central Asia that effectively functioned......
Khan, Fazlur
Fazlur Khan was a Bangladeshi American civil engineer known for his innovations in high-rise building construction.......
Khirbat al-Mafjar
Khirbat al-Mafjar, Umayyad desert palace complex located in the Wadi Al-Nuwayʿima, approximately 3 miles (5 km)......
KieranTimberlake
KieranTimberlake, American architecture firm based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that became known for projects......
Kiesler, Frederick John
Frederick John Kiesler was an Austrian-born American architect, sculptor, and stage designer, best known for his......
Kikutake Kiyonori
Kikutake Kiyonori was a Japanese architect concerned with the problems of a changing world, particularly urban......
King, Gregory
Gregory King was an English genealogist, engraver, and statistician, best known for his Natural and Political Observations......
Kings, Valley of the
Valley of the Kings, long narrow defile just west of the Nile River in Upper Egypt. It was part of the ancient......
Kiva
Kiva, subterranean ceremonial and social chamber built by the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern United States,......
Klenze, Leo von
Leo von Klenze was a German architect who was one of the most important figures associated with Neoclassicism in......
Klerk, Michel de
Michel de Klerk was an architect and leader of the school of Amsterdam, which stressed individualism, fantasy,......
Knoll, Florence
Florence Knoll was an American architect, designer, and businesswoman known for revolutionizing the design of the......
Koolhaas, Rem
Rem Koolhaas is a Dutch architect known for buildings and writings that embrace the energy of modernity. Koolhaas......
Korean architecture
Korean architecture, the built structures of Korea and their context. Like the other arts of Korea, architecture......
Kremlin
Kremlin, central fortress in medieval Russian cities, usually located at a strategic point along a river and separated......
Kremlin, The
The Kremlin, group of buildings in the center of Moscow that serves as the official seat of the government of Russia.......
Kurokawa Kishō
Kurokawa Kishō was a Japanese architect, who was one of the leading members of the Metabolist movement in the 1960s......
Labrouste, Henri
Henri Labrouste was a French architect important for his early use of iron frame construction. Labrouste entered......
Lady chapel
Lady chapel, chapel attached to a church and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. As the development of the chevet,......
Lake Dwellings
Lake Dwellings, German Pfahlbauten: “pile structures,” remains of prehistoric settlements within what are today......
Lambeau Field
Lambeau Field, football stadium in Green Bay, Wisconsin, that is the home of the city’s NFL team, the Packers.......
Lambeth Palace
Lambeth Palace, official London residence of the Anglican archbishop of Canterbury. Until 1978 it was also the......
Lancaster, Sir Osbert
Sir Osbert Lancaster was an English cartoonist, stage designer, and writer, best-known for his suave cartoons that......
landscape architecture
landscape architecture, the development and decorative planting of gardens, yards, grounds, parks, and other planned......
Lapidus, Morris
Morris Lapidus was a Ukrainian-born U.S. architect. He went to the U.S. as a child and grew up in New York City.......
Larsen, Henning
Henning Larsen was a Danish architect known for his site-specific design philosophy grounded in the Scandinavian......
Latin American architecture
Latin American architecture, history of architecture in Mesoamerica, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean......
Latrobe, Benjamin
Benjamin Latrobe was a British-born architect and civil engineer who established architecture as a profession in......
Laurana, Francesco
Francesco Laurana was an early Italian Renaissance sculptor and medalist, especially distinguished for his severely......
Laurana, Luciano
Luciano Laurana was the principal designer of the Palazzo Ducale at Urbino and one of the main figures in 15th-century......
Layard, Sir Austen Henry
Sir Austen Henry Layard was an English archaeologist whose excavations greatly increased knowledge of the ancient......
Le Nôtre, André
André Le Nôtre was one of the greatest French landscape architects, his masterpiece being the gardens of Versailles.......
Le Pautre, Antoine
Antoine Le Pautre was a French Baroque architect. Born into a family of architects and decorators, Le Pautre was......
Ledoux, Claude-Nicolas
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux was a French architect who developed an eclectic and visionary architecture linked with nascent......
Lefuel, Hector-Martin
Hector-Martin Lefuel was a French architect who completed the new Louvre in Paris, a structure that was seen as......
Lemercier, Jacques
Jacques Lemercier was a French architect who, along with François Mansart and Louis Le Vau, shaped French architecture......
Lenin Mausoleum
Lenin Mausoleum, monumental tomb in Moscow holding the embalmed body of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. It was designed......
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose skill and intelligence,......
Leonardo da Vinci’s parachute
Leonardo da Vinci discussed the parachute in a notebook entry now contained in the Codex Atlanticus. Although it......
Leoni, Pompeo
Pompeo Leoni was an Italian late Renaissance sculptor and medalist who, like his father, Leone, was known for his......
Leopardi, Alessandro
Alessandro Leopardi was a metal founder, goldsmith, and architect best known for designing the base and completing......
Lescaze, William
William Lescaze was a Swiss-born American architect best known for conceiving, in conjunction with George Howe,......
Lescot, Pierre
Pierre Lescot was one of the great French architects of the mid-16th century who contributed a decorative style......