What is Latin American architecture?

Latin American architecture refers to the history of architecture in Mesoamerica, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, beginning after the Spanish and Portuguese arrived in 1492 and 1500, respectively, and continuing to the present. Before 1500, indigenous American peoples had unique architectural traditions. After that time, these traditions often became intertwined with those of Europe and North America. Local architects combined elements from Italian, Flemish, German, and Spanish sources with local craft traditions and materials, resulting in a unique architecture. The influence of local indigenous cultures is most notable in the craftsmanship of decorative carving and plasterwork.

Which countries are included in Latin America?

Latin America includes South America, Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean islands where inhabitants speak a Romance language. These countries share a history of conquest and colonization by Spain and Portugal from the 15th through the 18th century. The influence of local indigenous cultures on Latin American architecture is notable in decorative carving and plasterwork. Latin American churches incorporated elements of European Baroque design, characterized by transforming Renaissance spaces into complex curvilinear geometries.

What are some common features of ancient Latin American buildings?

Many ancient Latin American buildings, constructed by indigenous cultures before the 16th-century Spanish conquest, share common features. Temple-pyramids were often constructed as earth mounds faced with stone, typically of stepped form, and topped by a platform or temple. A common feature at ceremonial sites is a tlachtli , or ball court, with raised platforms that formed the architectural center of ancient cities. The influence of local indigenous cultures is also notable in the craftsmanship of decorative carving and plasterwork. The pervasiveness of the original cultures is manifest in the spirit of the decorative planar relief and the animistic renderings of vegetation and Classical motifs.

How did Spanish and Portuguese colonization influence Latin American architecture?

Spanish and Portuguese colonization significantly shaped Latin American architecture, intertwining European styles with indigenous traditions. The Spanish brought Renaissance and Mannerist architecture, evident in structures like the cathedral of Santo Domingo, which incorporated Italian designs. They also introduced the Baroque style, characterized by complex curvilinear geometries and decorative elements, seen in numerous churches throughout Latin America. The salomónica, or twisted column, became emblematic of Baroque facades in Mexico. The Portuguese influence, though initially slower, also integrated Christian missionary elements, particularly in Brazil. Over time, reciprocal influences between indigenous artists and European émigrés led to a fusion of styles, with indigenous craftsmanship notably impacting decorative carving and plasterwork.

What are some famous modern buildings in Latin America?

Several buildings constructed in Latin America since 1965 represent the area's modern architecture. Examples include: * In Cuba Ricardo Porro and Vittorio Garatti’s art schools in Havana use brick vaults and domes to create dramatic, well-lit spaces. * In Chile , Emilio Duhart’s United Nations building is a monumental concrete building with a main assembly hall shaped like a helicoidal ziggurat. * In Colombia , Rogelio Salmona’s Torres del Parque are three brick-lined towers shaped to evoke the inverted cone of the adjacent bullring. * In Mexico City , Ricardo Legorreta’s Camino Real Hotel is a composition of courtyards and roof terraces within the walls of one downtown block. Oscar Niemeyer , an early proponent of modern architecture in Latin America, is particularly noted for his work on Brasilia, the new capital of Brazil.

How do climate and culture affect architectural styles in Latin America?

Latin American architectural styles are influenced by both climate and culture. Indigenous cultures impact craftsmanship through decorative carving, and the incorporation of local materials results in unique architecture. In the early 20th century, a nationalist architecture emerged, revaluing colonial styles and pre-Columbian heritage. Modern architecture was used to construct public buildings like schools and hospitals. Architects integrated art, like Mexican murals, into buildings. Contemporary architecture combines respect for early Modernism with sensitivity to local materials and construction techniques.

Latin American architecture

Introduction
The colonial period, c. 1492–1810
- The conquest of Amerindian cities and the first American building
- The first Spanish viceroyalties and their capitals
- The new urban strategy: Checkerboard plans and the Laws of the Indies
- Renaissance and Mannerist architecture in the New World
- Military architecture
- The Baroque in the New World
- Seventeenth- and 18th-century architecture in Ecuador, Colombia, and Cuba
- Eighteenth-century architecture in Mexico
- Indigenous influences
- Ouro Prêto: Brazilian Baroque architecture in the 18th century
- The new institutions of government
Postindependence, c. 1810–the present
- Architecture of the new independent republics, c. 1810–70
- Academic architecture, c. 1870–1914
- The reaction against academic architecture, c. 1900–29
  - Art Nouveau
  - Nationalist architecture
  - Art Deco
- The birth of modern architecture, c. 1929–65
  - Brazil
  - Mexico
  - Venezuela
  - Uruguay
  - Argentina
- Contemporary architecture, c. 1965–the present

References & Edit History Related Topics

Images

Map of the Americas in 1780 showing the Spanish and Portuguese viceroyalties. Spanish territories are shaded in green, including the Viceroyalty of New Spain, Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of New Granada, and Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. Portuguese territory, labeled as the Viceroyalty of Brazil, is shaded in purple. Borders between Spanish and Portuguese lands are marked, with amendments from 1750 and 1778 indicated. British territory is shown in the northern part of North America. Ma

Massive zigzag stone walls of the Inca fortress Sacsayhuaman rise above a grassy field, with people walking and the city of Cuzco visible in the background.

Cuzco, Peru: Church of the Society of Jesus

The Metropolitan Cathedral stands in Mexico City's Zocalo plaza with a Mexican flag flying above, as people walk and gather in the open square.

The library building at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City, featuring large, colorful murals by Juan O'Gorman covering the facade, with people walking in front.

Latin American architecture

Written by

Carlos F. Brillembourg

Fact-checked by

Britannica Editors

History

Top Questions

What is Latin American architecture?
Latin American architecture refers to the history of architecture in Mesoamerica, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, beginning after the Spanish and Portuguese arrived in 1492 and 1500, respectively, and continuing to the present.

Before 1500, indigenous American peoples had unique architectural traditions. After that time, these traditions often became intertwined with those of Europe and North America. Local architects combined elements from Italian, Flemish, German, and Spanish sources with local craft traditions and materials, resulting in a unique architecture. The influence of local indigenous cultures is most notable in the craftsmanship of decorative carving and plasterwork.
1 Britannica Source
1. Latin American architecture: Indigenous influences
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
Which countries are included in Latin America?
Latin America includes South America, Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean islands where inhabitants speak a Romance language. These countries share a history of conquest and colonization by Spain and Portugal from the 15th through the 18th century.

The influence of local indigenous cultures on Latin American architecture is notable in decorative carving and plasterwork. Latin American churches incorporated elements of European Baroque design, characterized by transforming Renaissance spaces into complex curvilinear geometries.
5 Britannica Sources
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
What are some common features of ancient Latin American buildings?
Many ancient Latin American buildings, constructed by indigenous cultures before the 16th-century Spanish conquest, share common features. Temple-pyramids were often constructed as earth mounds faced with stone, typically of stepped form, and topped by a platform or temple.

A common feature at ceremonial sites is a tlachtli, or ball court, with raised platforms that formed the architectural center of ancient cities. The influence of local indigenous cultures is also notable in the craftsmanship of decorative carving and plasterwork. The pervasiveness of the original cultures is manifest in the spirit of the decorative planar relief and the animistic renderings of vegetation and Classical motifs.
6 Britannica Sources
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
How did Spanish and Portuguese colonization influence Latin American architecture?
Spanish and Portuguese colonization significantly shaped Latin American architecture, intertwining European styles with indigenous traditions.

The Spanish brought Renaissance and Mannerist architecture, evident in structures like the cathedral of Santo Domingo, which incorporated Italian designs. They also introduced the Baroque style, characterized by complex curvilinear geometries and decorative elements, seen in numerous churches throughout Latin America. The salomónica, or twisted column, became emblematic of Baroque facades in Mexico.

The Portuguese influence, though initially slower, also integrated Christian missionary elements, particularly in Brazil. Over time, reciprocal influences between indigenous artists and European émigrés led to a fusion of styles, with indigenous craftsmanship notably impacting decorative carving and plasterwork.
5 Britannica Sources
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
What are some famous modern buildings in Latin America?
Several buildings constructed in Latin America since 1965 represent the area's modern architecture.

Examples include:
* In Cuba Ricardo Porro and Vittorio Garatti’s art schools in Havana use brick vaults and domes to create dramatic, well-lit spaces.
* In Chile, Emilio Duhart’s United Nations building is a monumental concrete building with a main assembly hall shaped like a helicoidal ziggurat.
* In Colombia, Rogelio Salmona’s Torres del Parque are three brick-lined towers shaped to evoke the inverted cone of the adjacent bullring.
* In Mexico City, Ricardo Legorreta’s Camino Real Hotel is a composition of courtyards and roof terraces within the walls of one downtown block.

Oscar Niemeyer, an early proponent of modern architecture in Latin America, is particularly noted for his work on Brasilia, the new capital of Brazil.
3 Britannica Sources
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
How do climate and culture affect architectural styles in Latin America?
Latin American architectural styles are influenced by both climate and culture. Indigenous cultures impact craftsmanship through decorative carving, and the incorporation of local materials results in unique architecture.

In the early 20th century, a nationalist architecture emerged, revaluing colonial styles and pre-Columbian heritage. Modern architecture was used to construct public buildings like schools and hospitals. Architects integrated art, like Mexican murals, into buildings. Contemporary architecture combines respect for early Modernism with sensitivity to local materials and construction techniques.
1 Britannica Source
1. Latin American architecture
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.

Latin American architecture, history of architecture in Mesoamerica, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean beginning after contact with the Spanish and Portuguese in 1492 and 1500, respectively, and continuing to the present.

For centuries before about 1500, indigenous American peoples had civilizations with unique architectural traditions; for these traditions, which continue to the present day, see Native American arts. After about 1500, these traditions often became intertwined with those of Europe and North America; for these European and North American histories, see Western architecture. The technical and theoretical aspects of architecture are treated elsewhere; see architecture. For a thorough treatment of the often-related visual art traditions of Latin America after about 1500, see Latin American art.

The colonial period, c. 1492–1810

The conquest of Amerindian cities and the first American building

When Christopher Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 and brought news of his “discovery” of the island of “La Española” (or Hispaniola), the present-day Dominican Republic, the “New World” was born. Over the course of the next 30 years, Spanish explorers encountered several Native American cities as large and as complex as any in Europe.

Before returning, Columbus ordered his men to build a fort—the first European building constructed in the Americas. The Santa Maria, being no longer seaworthy, was turned upside down on the beach, dragged up the coast, and recycled into a fort housing the first Spanish settlers.

Until England’s conquest of Barbados in 1625, Spain, together with Portugal in the south, controlled all of the New World. Though political governance was absolute and centralized in Madrid—via Sevilla—the cultural landscape of the New World remained decentralized and open to influence from Flanders, Germany, and Italy. In some cases Jesuit, Dominican, and Franciscan priests and architects imported knowledge from Europe to the Americas even before it reached Spain. Architectural and artistic production in the New World emerged as a creative product of this new cultural and geographical freedom.

Hagia Sophia. Istanbul, Turkey. Constantinople. Church of the Holy Wisdom. Church of the Divine Wisdom. Mosque.

Britannica Quiz

Architecture: The Built World

In 1524 the Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés described Tenochtitlán, present-day Mexico City, in a letter to Charles V, the king of Spain:

There are in the city many large and beautiful houses.…All these houses have very large and very good rooms and also very pleasant gardens of various sorts of flowers both on the upper and lower floors. These people live almost like those in Spain and in as much harmony and order as there, and considering that they are barbarous and so far from the knowledge of God and cut off from all civilized nations, it is truly remarkable to see what they have achieved in all things.

The first Spanish viceroyalties and their capitals

Spain initially organized its management and governance of the New World according to viceroyalties—geographical regions administered by a viceroy, a direct representative of the Spanish crown vested with executive, legislative, judicial, military, and ecclesiastical power.

Explore Britannica Premium!

The trusted destination for professionals, college students, and lifelong learners.

The Viceroyalty of New Spain, established in 1535, included what are now Mexico, Central America, Florida, and the southwestern United States. The Viceroyalty of Peru, established in 1543, included territories from present-day Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama.

In New Spain the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was systematically rebuilt as Mexico City and designated the capital of the viceroyalty. This transformation established Mexico City as a continuing locus of power for the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

Cuzco, the ancient capital of the Inca empire, and Lima, a new city founded by the Spanish in 1535, functioned as the two great cities of colonial Peru, and governance shifted between them. Cuzco’s urban structure featured streets, doors, and walls that utilized existing Inca masonry techniques; the new structures adapted and reused existing earthquake-resistant stone foundations. The original layout of the Inca city was also preserved. In 1553 the conquistador Pedro de Cieza de León stated: “At Cuzco the buildings commence on the sides of a high hill and extend over a wide plain. The city has long wide streets and very large squares. For Cuzco, with regard to the Inca Empire, was another Rome and the one city may be well compared to the other.” The cathedral of Cuzco (mid-16th to mid-17th century), by Francisco Becerra, is one of the few buildings that survived the strong earthquake of 1650. Its rectilinear plan, with three naves of equal height, is Renaissance in its spatial characteristics, but the stone reinforcements in the vaults are similar to those of late Gothic Spanish churches. The austere character of the almost fortresslike walls of the exterior is reinforced by symmetrical bell towers on the corners and an elaborately articulated entrance portal.

The new urban strategy: Checkerboard plans and the Laws of the Indies

In 1532 the founding ceremony of “La Puebla de los Angeles” (now Puebla, Mexico) was held on a desolate spot between the ancient cities of Tlaxcala and Cholula. It was the first new city in Spanish America to apply a regular orthogonal grid system, an urban design model that became the norm for all the Americas. Origins of this grid-based urban plan had previously been found in varied sources dating back to the colonies of the Greek empire and then in Renaissance treaties. Such sources may have been relevant, but it is also important to understand that the orthogonal grid was used in pre-Columbian America long before these sources were known. For example, the ancient city of Cholula is a pre-Columbian grid city that Cortés called “the most beautiful city of all I have seen outside of Spain.” (It remains, along with Cuzco, the oldest city of the Western Hemisphere to be continuously inhabited—perhaps for as long as 8,000 years.)

By the end of the 16th century, many of the major cities now existing in Latin America had been established. Spanish and Portuguese settlers created and developed Amerindian cities according to the preestablished Renaissance grid system. Generally speaking, these cities shared a grid plan featuring large, open squares defined by a cathedral and other institutional buildings. By contrast, architects and planners in European cities were often limited by the existing medieval urban fabric in the application of this model.

The application of this grid system in Latin America was eventually enforced by the Laws of the Indies, a series of guidelines formulated by Spain for the planning and development of all new American cities as well as for the adaptation of the old Amerindian capitals. These laws promoted the ideal of the pure geometry of the Renaissance city. This strategy was reinforced by the architecture of cathedrals that adapted prevailing innovations by European Renaissance and Mannerist architects (see below) to the vernacular and local conditions found in the New World.

The founding of new towns and the construction of large monasteries in Mexico provided an opportunity for enlightened European settlers to realize some of the utopian ideals of Renaissance planning. Antonio de Mendoza, the first viceroy of New Spain, oversaw the creation of mission establishments. Representing different religious orders, these missions were inspired by the theories of Europeans such as Leon Battista Alberti, Erasmus, and Sir Thomas More. The plan usually included a single nave church, a convent around a patio, a large walled atrium or churchyard with an open-air chapel for outdoor masses, and small corner chapels called posas. By 1590 more than 300 churches had been built in Mexico alone.

Latin American architecture

The colonial period, c. 1492–1810

The conquest of Amerindian cities and the first American building

Thank you for signing up!

The first Spanish viceroyalties and their capitals

The new urban strategy: Checkerboard plans and the Laws of the Indies