Toussaint Louverture: References & Edit History
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Additional Reading
Toussaint Louverture, The Memoir of General Toussaint Louverture, trans. and ed. by Philippe R. Girard (2014), is an annotated edition of Toussaintās writings during his final imprisonment in France. Biographical accounts include Madison Smartt Bell, Toussaint Louverture: A Biography (2007); Wenda Parkinson, āThis Gilded Africanā: Toussaint LāOuverture (1978), an introductory work; C.L.R. James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint LāOuverture and the San Domingo Revolution, 2nd ed., rev. (1963, reissued 1989), sound but with a Marxist bias; Ralph Korngold, Citizen Toussaint (1944, reissued 1979), a detailed study; and T. Lothrop Stoddard, The French Revolution in San Domingo (1914, reprinted 2003), a classic work favorable despite its antiblack bias. A critical study is StĆ©phen Alexis, Black Liberator: The Life of Toussaint Louverture, trans. from French by William Stirling (1949), a work that is credulous in places. George F. Tyson, Jr. (ed.), Toussaint LāOuverture (1973), includes about 40 pages of Toussaintās writings.
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- John E. Fagg
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Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified link of Web site: National Museum of African American History and Culture - Toussaint Louverture. | Oct 31, 2026 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | Jun 11, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | Apr 03, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: BBC - The Forum - Toussaint LĀOuverture: Hero of the Haitian slave rebellion. | Sep 18, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Royal United Services Institute - Toussaint Louverture and the Strategy of Dynamic Adaptation. | Jun 28, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Feb 18, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Slavery and Remembrance - Toussaint Louverture. | Nov 19, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Academia - Toussaint Louverture and the Undermining of the Haitian Revolution (PDF). | Jul 05, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University College London - Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution. | May 21, 2024 | ||
| Revised throughout to use his last name on second reference, enhanced captions, modernized spellings. | Apr 15, 2024 | ||
| First paragraph modernization. | Apr 11, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Gresham College - Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution. | Nov 09, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Brown University - The John Carter Brown Library - The Changing Faces of Toussaint Louverture. | Sep 15, 2023 | ||
| Link added. | Aug 03, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Toussaint Louverture. | Nov 23, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: History Today - The Wrongful Death of Toussaint Louverture. | Sep 15, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Museum of African American History and Culture - Toussaint Louverture. | Jan 26, 2021 | ||
| Changed āblackā to āBlackā throughout article. | Jul 24, 2020 | ||
| Media added. | Jun 19, 2020 | ||
| Media added. | Sep 05, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: UNESCO - The Slave Route. | Mar 08, 2019 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Mar 07, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: ThoughtCo. - Biography of Toussaint Louverture. | Sep 27, 2018 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Dec 18, 2017 | ||
| Year in which he was legally freed changed from 1777 to 1776. | Feb 06, 2017 | ||
| Article revised. | Mar 16, 2015 | ||
| Bibliography revised and updated. | Mar 16, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: BlackPast - Biography of Toussaint L'Ouverture. | Nov 21, 2014 | ||
| Replaced photograph. | Dec 27, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Fact Monster - People - Biography of Toussaint Louverture. | Apr 08, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Toussaint Louverture. | Apr 08, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Toussaint Louverture. | Apr 08, 2011 | ||
| Deleted hyphen in name. | Nov 19, 2007 | ||
| Bibliography revised. | Nov 19, 2007 | ||
| Bibliography revised and updated. | Nov 19, 2007 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Nov 19, 2007 | ||
| Bibliography reviewed. | Mar 22, 2007 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Mar 22, 2007 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |