Toussaint Louverture died in 1803 after being captured and imprisoned by French authorities acting under orders from Napoleon Bonaparte. By the early 1800s, Louverture had established near-complete control over Saint-Domingue and governed it with significant autonomy, which Napoleon viewed as a threat to French imperial authority. Seeking to reassert control, and potentially restore slavery, Napoleon sent a large military expedition to the colony in 1802. Although Louverture initially resisted, he eventually agreed to surrender after being promised that slavery would not be reinstated. Shortly afterward, he was betrayed, arrested, and deported to France. He was imprisoned in Fort-de-Joux, a cold, remote mountain fortress, where he died in April 1803.
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