Nnedi Okorafor

Nnedi Okorafor (born April 8, 1974, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.) is a Nigerian American author whose science fiction and fantasy novels, short stories, and comics for both children and adults express her concepts of Africanfuturism and Africanjujuism. Okorafor often promotes young Black girls as superheroes in her work, and her writing investigates racial inequality, sexual violence, and other social issues.

Early life, education, and academic career

Okorafor’s Igbo parents immigrated to the United States from Nigeria in the late 1960s, during that country’s civil war. She was raised in the suburbs of Chicago and spent time during school vacations with family in Nigeria. She excelled as an athlete in high school and college, playing tennis and running track, and she was enthusiastic about science and math. When she was 19 years old and a student at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, she had surgery to correct scoliosis, but, due to complications, she was temporarily paralyzed from the waist down. During the months it took her to regain the use of her legs, she wrote short stories to keep busy. Once she had recovered, Okorafor returned to the University of Illinois and completed a bachelor’s degree in 1996.

Okorafor received a master’s degree in journalism from Michigan State University in 1999. She then attended the University of Illinois at Chicago, where she received a master’s degree in English literature in 2002 and a doctorate in creative writing in 2007. Okorafor was an associate professor at Chicago State University from 2008 to 2014 and at the State University of New York at Buffalo from 2014 to 2017. In 2021 she became a professor of practice at Arizona State University in 2021, where she joined the school’s Interplanetary Initiative.

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Defining Africanfuturism and Africanjujuism

Okorafor bases her work on African myths and legends, and she has used her writing to develop her concepts of Africanfuturism and Africanjujuism. She has pointedly rejected the term Afrofuturism: “Media sources, I appreciate and am honored by your interest in my work, but please STOP CALLING MY WORK AFROFUTURIST,” she wrote on social media in 2020. “IT IS NOT.” Instead, Africanfuturism—a term Okorafor coined—puts Africa, rather than the West, at its centre and privileges that continent’s people and culture while looking to the future. Similarly, she defines Africanjujuism as a form of fantasy “that respectfully acknowledges the seamless blend of true existing African spiritualities and cosmologies with the imaginative.” Her books and stories move across the genres of fantasy, science fiction, and magical realism, all inflected with a focus on Africa. As she told The Root in 2015:

When I traveled to Nigeria, I would see Nigerians interacting with technology in a way that I was not seeing reflected in literature. I was not seeing Africa as a whole reflected in writing about the future.

Being an American, I knew of science fiction. The foundation was already there. The thing that kicked me into writing it was not the existing sci fi, but considering Nigeria and wanting to see Africa in the future.

Books for young readers

Okorafor’s first published book was Zahrah the Windseeker (2005) for young adults, which is about a girl with superpowers who feels as though she does not fit in because vines grow in her hair. Okorafor’s second book, The Shadow Speaker (2007), is set in Niger in 2070. The story follows a 15-year-old girl as she tries to find her father’s killer and protect her people from destructive forces. Okorafor’s The Nsibidi Scripts series, a fantasy series for young adults, includes Akata Witch (2011), Akata Warrior (2017), and Akata Woman (2022). The books focus on a Nigerian American girl with albinism named Sunny. After she moves from New York to Nigeria, she feels like an outcast, but she soon finds out that she has special powers and joins other children with similar abilities to help catch a serial killer. Ikenga (2020), for middle-school students, has as its protagonist a 12-year-old boy in Nigeria.

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Adult fiction, graphic novels and comics, and a memoir

Who Fears Death (2010) was Okorafor’s first novel for adults. It is set in postapocalyptic Africa, and its main character has the power to shape-shift. Her The Book of Phoenix (2015) is a prequel to Who Fears Death. The She Who Knows trilogy, which includes Firespitter (2024) and One Way Witch (2025), returns to this same world. Lagoon (2014) is a science fiction work about aliens landing in Lagos. Noor (2021) is set in a futuristic Nigeria where society treats the protagonist as an outsider because she has technologically advanced artificial body parts. In her metafictional novel Death of the Author (2025), Okorafor explores the life of a Nigerian American writer who finds fame after publishing a science-fiction novel.

Binti (2015), Binti Home (2017), and Binti: The Night Masquerade (2018) constitute Okorafor’s Binti trilogy of short novels. The series features a woman who attends Oomza University, which is located in outer space. There she encounters a jellyfish-like alien species called the Meduse and unites two warring planets. However, once she is back home, she needs to conquer her people’s mistrust of their enemy to ensure everyone’s survival. Binti won a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award for best novella in 2016.

Okorafor’s novella Remote Control (2021) follows the quest of a girl in Ghana who is trying to find out how and why she has become the adopted daughter of Death.

Okorafor has written comics for Marvel featuring the Black Panther and his sister Shuri. She also worked with Tana Ford to create LaGuardia (2019), a graphic novel set in an apartment complex in New York City. The story features a pregnant Nigerian American woman fighting for immigration rights for both humans and aliens.

Okorafor’s memoir, Broken Places & Outer Spaces, was published in 2019.