• Today in History—August 6

  / Francis II Dissolves the Holy Roman Empire
• coup d’état
• death mask
• Saint Helena

  / History of Saint Helena
• Today in History—February 26

  / Napoleon’s Escape from Exile
• sugar beet
• origins of agriculture

  / The sugar beet
• Today in History—July 29

  / A Monument Built for Glory Opened Quietly
• Today in History—July 9

  / The Treaty Celebration That Sent Napoleon Running
• Pierre-Emmanuel-Albert, baron du Casse
• Les Invalides
• Was Napoleon Short?

• Alexander I

  / Early foreign policy of Alexander I
• Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas, vicomte de Barras
• Eugène de Beauharnais
• Louis-Alexandre Berthier, prince de Wagram
• Claude-Louis Berthollet

  / Serving the French nation
• Claude-Louis Berthollet

  / Napoleon’s patronage
• Henri-Gratien, Comte Bertrand
• Jean-Baptiste Bessières, duke d’Istrie
• Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta
• Guillaume Brune
• Aaron Burr

  / Duel and treason charges
• Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, duke de Parme
• Antonio Canova, marchese d’Ischia
• Lazare Carnot

  / Political rise and fall
• Armand, marquis de Caulaincourt
• Charles IV
• Charles XIV John
• Józef Chłopicki
• Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
• Pierre-Antoine, Count Daru
• Jacques-Louis David

  / Later years: 1794–1825
• Dominique Vivant, Baron Denon
• Louis-Charles-Antoine Desaix de Veygoux
• Jean-Baptiste Drouet, count d’Erlon
• Joseph Fesch
• Joseph Fouché, duc d’Otrante
• Joseph Fourier
• Frederick Augustus I
• Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin, duke de Gaëte
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

  / Napoleonic period (1805–16) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• Gaspard Gourgaud
• Antoine-Jean Gros
• Karl August von Hardenberg

  / Appointment as chancellor
• Lazare Hoche
• Laure Junot, duchess d’Abrantès
• François-Christophe Kellermann, duke de Valmy
• Tadeusz Kościuszko

  / Last years
• Emmanuel, count de las Cases
• Charles-François Lebrun
• Jean-François Lesueur
• Sir Hudson Lowe
• Philippe-Antoine, Count Merlin
• Gaspard Monge, count de Péluse
• Joachim Murat
• Michel Ney

  / Military service
• Giovanni Paisiello
• Pius VI
• Pius VII
• Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis
• Pierre-Paul Prud’hon
• Fyodor Vasilyevich, Count Rostopchin
• Anne-Jean-Marie-René Savary, duc de Rovigo
• Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
• Karl Schulmeister
• Karl Philipp, prince zu Schwarzenberg
• Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès
• Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki
• Louis-Gabriel Suchet, duke d’Albufera da Valencia
• Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, prince de Bénévent

  / During the Directory
• Maria Walewska

• Siege of Acre

• Treaty of Campo Formio
• Treaty of Pressburg
• Quadruple Alliance
• Treaty of Schönbrunn
• Treaties of Tilsit
• Congress of Vienna

• public administration

  / France
• administrative law

  / The French system
• Empire style
• Legion of Honour
• Madeleine
• monarchy

  / Monarchy in the modern era
• Saint-Cyr
• emperor

• Belgium

  / French administration
• The Guianas
• Illyrian Provinces
• Jaffa

  / Modern Jaffa
• Louisiana Purchase

  / The Louisiana Territory under Spanish and French rule
• Duchy of Warsaw
• Poland

  / The legions and the Duchy of Warsaw
• Spain

  / Charles IV and the French Revolution
• Sweden

  / Royalist reaction
• Teutonic Order

  / Decline and fall of the knights.
• United Kingdom

  / The Napoleonic Wars

• Arc de Triomphe
• Bonapartist
• Corps Législatif
• Italian literature

  / Opposing movements
• map

  / The rise of national surveys
• Bernardo O’Higgins
• Western painting

  / France
• Simplon Pass

• Pierre-François-Charles Augereau, duke de Castiglione
• Géraud-Christophe-Michel Duroc, duke de Frioul
• Jacques Macdonald, duke de Tarente

• Battle of Friedland
• Battle of Lodi
• Siege of Toulon

• aide-de-camp
• balloon
• logistics

  / Logistic systems before 1850
• regiment
• tactics

  / The French Revolution
• strategy

  / The French Revolution and the emergence of modern strategies

• house of Bourbon

  / The Bourbon sovereignties
• Ercole Consalvi
• Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duke d’Enghien
• Ferdinand VII
• Friedrich Gentz

  / Early life and career.
• Christian, count von Haugwitz
• Germaine de Staël

  / Banishment from Paris of Germaine de Staël

• chevalier
• education

  / France
• émigré
• Theodor Herzl

  / Conversion to Zionism
• Judaism

  / Religious reform movements
• museum

  / The Louvre
• Salic Law of Succession

• Ludwig van Beethoven

  / Beethoven and the theatre
• Simón Bolívar

  / Early life
• Marquis de Lafayette

  / The French Revolution
• Klemens von Metternich

  / Ministry during the Napoleonic Wars
• Leo Tolstoy

  / War and Peace

Sources

An enormous mass of documents is dispersed throughout the archives of Europe, but the essential sources are Correspondance de Napoléon I^er, 32 vol. (1858–69, reprinted 1974), published on command of Napoleon III; Oeuvres de Napoléon I^er à Sainte-Hélène, 4 vol. (1870); and Oeuvres littéraires et écrits militaires, 3 vol. (1967). In English are The Bonaparte Letters and Despatches, Secret, Confidential, and Official, 2 vol. (1846); The Confidential Correspondence of Napoleon Bonaparte with His Brother Joseph, 2 vol. (1855); and Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon I, Preserved in the War Archives, 3 vol. (1913). The principal ideas of Napoleon may be found in the following works: R.M. Johnston (comp.), The Corsican: A Diary of Napoleon’s Life in His Own Words, new ed. (1921, reissued 1975); J.M. Thompson (trans. and ed.), Napoleon Self-Revealed (1934); J. Christopher Herold (ed. and trans.), The Mind of Napoleon (1955, reissued 1961); André Palluel (ed.), Dictionnaire de l’empereur (1969); and Adrien Dansette (ed.), Pensées politiques et sociales de Napoléon (1969). Napoleon’s itinerary is available in Albert Schuermans, Itinéraire général de Napoléon I^er, 2nd ed. (1911); and Louis Garros, Itinéraire de Napoléon Bonaparte (1947).

Biographies

General studies of his life and career include Pierre Lanfrey, The History of Napoleon the First, 2nd ed., 4 vol. (1886, reprinted 1973; originally published in French, 1867–75), a hostile work written at the end of the Second Empire; August Fournier, Napoleon I, trans. by Annie Elizabeth Adams (1915, reissued 1930; originally published in German, 1886), an impartial study written by an Austrian historian; Frédéric Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, 13 vol. (1897–1919), which furnishes numerous details on the everyday life of Napoleon and his relationships with his relatives; John Holland Rose, The Life of Napoleon I, 11th ed., 2 vol. in 1 (1935), an apologetic work; J.M. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall (1952, reissued 1969), an excellent rectification; Eugene Tarlé (Evgenii Viktorovich Tarle), Bonaparte, trans. by John Cournos (1937), the point of view of a Soviet historian; Felix Maurice Hippisley Markham, Napoleon (1963, reissued 1966), an objective study; Jean Mistler, Napoléon et l’empire, 2 vol. (1968, reissued 1979), a magnificently illustrated work, each chapter written by a specialist; Jean Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour (1984); Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon (1997, reissued 2000); Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life (2014); and Michael Broers, Napoleon: Soldier of Destiny, 1769–1805, 1 vol. (2014).

The following focus on specific aspects of Napoleon’s personal life. Arthur Chuquet, La Jeunesse de Napoléon, 3 vol. (1897–99), is a basic work on his youth. A revisionist history by Dorothy Carrington, Napoleon and His Parents (1988, reissued 1990), explores Napoleon’s first 16 years. The more intimate life of Napoleon is detailed in Arthur Lévy, Napoléon intime, 7th ed. (1932); and Frédéric Masson, Napoleon at Home, trans. by James E. Matthew, 2 vol. (1894). Theo Aronson, Napoleon and Josephine (1990), is a general account of their life together. James Kemble, Napoleon Immortal (1959), surveys Napoleon’s health. The theory that Napoleon died of arsenic poisoning is explored in Ben Weider and David Hapgood, The Murder of Napoleon, new ed. (1998).

Specialized studies

There are many studies of Napoleon’s career. Donald D. Horward (ed.), Napoleonic Military History: A Bibliography (1986), contains more than 7,000 entries in 14 languages on military, social, political, economic, and other topics. David G. Chandler, The Illustrated Napoleon (1990); and Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military Campaigns, rev. ed. (1999), focus on Napoleon’s military career. Accounts of specific military maneuvers are James R. Arnold, Crisis on the Danube: Napoleon’s Austrian Campaign of 1809 (1990); Curtis Cate, The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel Between Napoleon and Alexander—Russia, 1812 (1985); and Richard K. Riehn, 1812: Napoleon’s Russian Campaign (1990). R.S. Alexander, Bonapartism and Revolutionary Tradition in France: The Fédérés of 1815 (1991), discusses the politico-military organizations that supported Napoleon during the Hundred Days. Paul Fregosi, Dreams of Empire: Napoleon and the First World War, 1792–1815 (1989, reissued 1996), recounts how close Napoleon came to world domination. Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (1991), studies the modernization of Napoleonic Europe. Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (1994), is a comprehensive overview of his reign. Robert Holtman, Napoleonic Propaganda (1950, reissued 1969), explains one of the nonmilitary secrets of his success.

Other works of interest include Mabel Emmerton Brookes, St. Helena Story (1960); Norman MacKenzie, The Escape from Elba: The Fall and Flight of Napoleon, 1814–1815 (1982), a popular account of his 10 months on Elba; Julia Blackburn, The Emperor’s Last Island: A Journey to St. Helena (1991, reissued 1997), an examination of Napoleon’s last years in exile along with information on the island itself; Jean Lucas-Dubreton, Le Culte de Napoléon, 1815–1848 (1960), a definitive study of the Napoleonic legend; Hugh Ragsdale, Détente in the Napoleonic Era: Bonaparte and the Russians (1980); and Edward A. Whitcomb, Napoleon’s Diplomatic Service (1979).