Joy Harjo

Joy Harjo (born May 9, 1951, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.) is an American poet, writer, musician, and activist who was the first Native American to be named U.S. poet laureate (2019–22). Her poems feature Native symbolism, imagery, history, and ideas set within a universal context. Her poetry also deals with social and personal issues, notably feminism, and with music, particularly jazz.

Early life

An enrolled member of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Harjo is the daughter of a Muscogee father, Allen Foster, and a Cherokee, French, and Irish mother, Wynema Baker Foster. (Harjo later took her paternal grandmother’s maiden name as her surname, which means “courage” in Muscogee.) Harjo came from a family of artists, but her home life was difficult because of her father’s dependence on alcohol and his abusive behavior. Her parents divorced, and her mother married a man who also became abusive.

Education, teaching career, and becoming a poet

Harjo turned to painting for solace, and she left Oklahoma at age 16 to attend the Institute of Amer­i­can Indian Arts (IAIA) in Santa Fe, New Mexico. There she wrote songs for an all-Native rock band and joined an all-Native theater group. About her time at IAIA, Harjo told Southwest Contemporary magazine in 2019:

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Poetry: First Lines

I was there during the time of the contemporary Native art revitalization that changed everything in the art world. It was an exciting time to be at IAIA. Even we younger high school students knew we were in the middle of a crucial time in Indian country politics and thought. We were part of the generational current in which we were thinking about culture sovereignty, before sovereignty was a common word on our tongues.

After graduating from IAIA in 1968, Harjo returned to Oklahoma and gave birth to her first child. She then enrolled at the University of New Mexico (B.A., 1976) with the intention of studying medicine. However, she soon switched to art before changing her major again to creative writing, having been inspired to start writing poetry after joining the Kiva Club, an organization for Native students that was beginning to engage in political action for Native rights. In 2025 Harjo told Encyclopædia Britannica, “I started writing not knowing that I would be a poet.…Poetry was something that…maybe it was pursuing me. I don’t know that I pursued it. All I know is that it was intense, and it became very clear to me that [poetry] was my path.”

Harjo was also inspired by Indigenous writers such as Leslie Marmon Silko and Simon Ortiz (with whom she had her second child), who were among the literary talents at the forefront of what has been called the Native American renaissance.

(Read Britannica’s essay “13 Great Indigenous Writers to Read and Celebrate.”)

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Harjo then attended the University of Iowa (M.F.A., 1978), where she studied creative writing and completed a filmmaking program at the university’s Anthropology Film Center. She later taught at several American colleges and universities, notably the IAIA (1978–79 and 1983–84), the University of New Mexico (1991–97), and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2013–16), where she was professor of American Indian studies and English. From 2016 to 2019 she served on the faculty at the University of Tennessee.

Poetry, tenure as U.S. poet laureate, and other writing

Harjo’s first volume of poetry, The Last Song (1975), introduced her remarkable observations and insights into the fragmented history of Indigenous peoples. In her third collection, She Had Some Horses (1983), she wove prayer chants and animal imagery into her verse. The title poem, considered a feminist masterpiece, frequently appears in anthologies. Its use of repetition creates an incantatory effect and conveys the many contradictions that embody womanhood:

She had horses who were bodies of sand.
She had horses who were maps drawn of blood.
She had horses who were skins of ocean water.
She had horses who were the blue air of sky.
She had horses who were fur and teeth.
She had horses who were clay and would break.
She had horses who were splintered red cliff.

She had some horses.

The Woman Who Fell from the Sky (1994) is concerned with the opposing forces of creation and destruction in modern society. Harjo’s other poetry collections include What Moon Drove Me to This? (1979); Secrets from the Center of the World (1989), prose poetry, with photographs by Stephen Strom; In Mad Love and War (1990), the winner of a 1991 American Book Award; Fishing (1992); A Map to the Next World: Poetry and Tales (2000); and How We Became Human: New and Selected Poems (2002). In Conflict Resolution for Holy Beings (2015), Harjo chronicles the joys and struggles of everyday life of Native Americans, beginning with the Trail of Tears, the forced relocation in the 1830s of Eastern Woodlands Indians of the Southeast region of the United States. Displacement and the struggle for sovereignty are explored in An American Sunrise (2019). That same year, in an interview with Jenn Shapland published in Southwest Contemporary magazine, Harjo gave an intriguing response to Shapland’s question about the role of poetry in modern society:

[Poetry] is the art closest to music. It trumps rhetoric. Can carry grief, ecstasy, celebration, despair, or joy. It is a tool for the kind of disruption needed to clean a wound and heal. It predicts how we will know who we are in forthcoming generations. Without it, we will no longer be human.

In 2025 Harjo told Britannica, “With poetry, I feel like I use words to get to the places the words can’t go.”

In June 2019 Harjo was named the 23rd poet laureate of the United States, the first Native American to hold the post. She was appointed to another one-year term in 2020, and in 2021 she became the second laureate to serve three consecutive terms. “Living Nations, Living Words” is the signature project of Harjo’s tenure and is part of a permanent collection at the Library of Congress. “I wanted people to know that I was not the only Native poet,” Harjo told Britannica about her project. “So I picked 50 [Native] poets and 47 came through.” Samples of the poets’ work were incorporated into an interactive map that includes audio recordings and images of the poets. In a purpose statement about her project, Harjo explained:

I want this map to counter damaging false assumptions—that indigenous peoples of our country are often invisible or are not seen as human. You will not find us fairly represented, if at all, in the cultural storytelling of America, and nearly nonexistent in the American book of poetry.

Harjo has also published children’s books, including For a Girl Becoming (2009; reissued 2025) and Remember (2024); several prose and essay collections, including Catching the Light (2022); and anthologies of Native American literature, including, When the Light of the World Was Subdued, Our Songs Came Through: A Norton Anthology of Native Nations Poetry (2020). In addition, she wrote the memoirs Crazy Brave (2012), which in 2013 won an American Book Award and the PEN Center USA prize for creative nonfiction; Poet Warrior (2021); and Girl Warrior: On Coming of Age (2025). In 2022 Harjo published Weav­ing Sun­down in a Scar­let Light: Fifty Poems for Fifty Years.

Music and performance projects

In addition to her writing, Harjo plays saxophone and flute and was a vocalist with her own band, Poetic Justice, and with Arrow Dynamics, a group with which she toured. In 2009 she was the recipient of a Native American Music Award for female artist of the year. She has released several albums of original music, notably Red Dreams, a Trail Beyond Tears (2010). Harjo debuted her one-woman show, Wings of Night Sky, Wings of Morning Light, in 2009.

In 2025 Harjo talked to Britannica about the connection between music and poetry. “I think poetry is the root of it all, even when I’m playing horn. When I’m playing saxophone or flute, it’s still an aural art. I’m still dealing with similar things.”

Additional honors

Among her many honors, Harjo has received the William Carlos Williams Award from the Poetry Society of America (1991), the Academy of American Poets’ Wallace Stevens Award (2015), the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize (2017), and the National Book Critics Circle Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award (2022).