John Cromwell

John Cromwell (born December 23, 1887, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.—died September 26, 1979, Santa Barbara, California) was an American actor and director of stage and screen who, during a career that spanned more than 70 years, directed a number of classic movies, including Of Human Bondage (1934), Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940), and Anna and the King of Siam (1946).

(Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.)

Early career

Cromwell began acting on the stage while still in his teens, and by 1910 he was appearing on Broadway. He assumed the first name John in 1912, around the time he began acting and directing for the New York Repertory Company. His entire career might have been played out on the stage but for a touring production of the crime drama The Racket, which showcased him and Edward G. Robinson. The exposure helped Cromwell become a dialogue director at Paramount, and he moved to Hollywood in 1928. He continued acting, and in 1929 he made his film debut in The Dummy, a comedy starring Fredric March, Ruth Chatterton, and Zasu Pitts. That year he also codirected (with A. Eddie Sutherland) his first features, Close Harmony and The Dance of Life. His first solo project was The Mighty (1929), starring George Bancroft; Cromwell played a small part in the film.

Discover the fascinating events that shaped the world, straight from our editors.

SIGN UP

By clicking “Sign Up”, you consent to the Britannica Privacy Policy and Terms of Use.

Britannica Quiz

Pop Culture Quiz

Cromwell directed four pictures in 1930, including Tom Sawyer, featuring Jackie Coogan in the title role; The Texan, a western starring Gary Cooper; and Street of Chance, one of Jean Arthur’s first talkies. Four more movies followed in 1931, notably Scandal Sheet and The Vice Squad, both with Kay Francis. The drama World and the Flesh (1932) centres on a sea captain (played by Bancroft) who comes to the aid of a ballerina (Miriam Hopkins) during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Following a dispute with Paramount, Cromwell went to RKO, which was reeling from the exit of George Cukor. Cromwell was put to work on Sweepings, with Lionel Barrymore, Gloria Stuart, and Gregory Ratoff; and on The Silver Cord (both 1933), a romantic drama starring Irene Dunne and Joel McCrea. Cromwell’s other 1933 films were Ann Vickers, an adaptation of Sinclair Lewis’s novel about a prison reformer (Dunne) who falls in love with a progressive judge (Walter Huston), and the comedy Double Harness, starring William Powell and Ann Harding.

Cromwell’s first films released in 1934 were largely forgettable. Spitfire starred a miscast Katharine Hepburn as an Ozarks faith healer who falls for a suave (and married) city slicker (Robert Young), and This Man Is Mine was a soap opera featuring Dunne and Ralph Bellamy. However, Of Human Bondage, a gritty adaptation of the W. Somerset Maugham novel, was a revelation. The acclaimed drama was especially notable for a breakthrough performance by Bette Davis. Cromwell closed out 1934 with The Fountain, a romantic drama featuring Harding.

In 1935 Cromwell directed three films, including the musical I Dream Too Much, which featured real-life opera star Lily Pons as a student who falls in love with an opera conductor (Henry Fonda). David O. Selznick, who had formed his own production company, hired Cromwell to direct Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936), a tasteful treatment of the popular novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett; the family drama starred Freddie Bartholomew and Mickey Rooney. Later in 1936 Cromwell made two films for Twentieth Century-Fox: To Mary—with Love, a marital drama starring Myrna Loy and Warner Baxter, and Banjo on My Knee, an entertaining riverboat musical with Barbara Stanwyck and McCrea.

From The Prisoner of Zenda to Caged

Cromwell’s own personal golden age began in 1937 with the classic The Prisoner of Zenda for Selznick. The swashbuckler was based on Anthony Hope’s novel, and it starred Ronald Colman and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Cromwell then directed Algiers (1938), a remake of French director Julien Duvivier’s classic Pépé le Moko. If not quite at the level of the original, it was still a fine production, starring Charles Boyer and the Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr in her American screen debut. The tearjerker Made for Each Other starred James Stewart and Carole Lombard, while In Name Only (both 1939) was virtually a companion piece, with Lombard as a widow who falls in love with an unhappily married man (Cary Grant). Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) was based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning play by Robert E. Sherwood. The moving drama featured an Academy Award-nominated performance by Raymond Massey as the future president; Ruth Gordon was Mary Todd Lincoln, and Cromwell played John Brown. Victory (1940), from Joseph Conrad’s novel, was somewhat less successful, although March was excellent as the island loner who is forced to fight for his life.

Explore Britannica Premium!

The trusted destination for professionals, college students, and lifelong learners.

SUBSCRIBE

So Ends Our Night (1941) starred March again, this time in a fine thriller about a German trying to escape his homeland as Nazi agents pursue him, and Son of Fury (1942) was one of Tyrone Power’s best costume pictures; Gene Tierney supplied the love interest and George Sanders the villainy. Cromwell then was reunited with Selznick for his prestigious Since You Went Away (1944), a lengthy but engrossing rendering of a family’s trials and tribulations during the war years. A critical and commercial success, it received a number of Oscar nominations, including a nod for best picture. The Enchanted Cottage (1945) was much more modest, a love story with fantasy elements that starred Dorothy McGuire and Robert Young.

Cromwell served as president of the Screen Directors Guild (later Directors Guild of America) from 1944 to 1946. During the latter year he made Anna and the King of Siam, an elaborate production of the real-life story of a British governess (Dunne) who dares to challenge the ruler of Siam (Rex Harrison). Although highly praised, Cromwell’s film was almost completely overshadowed by Walter Lang’s 1956 musical remake, The King and I. Dead Reckoning (1947) was a change of pace for Cromwell. The film noir starred Humphrey Bogart as a war hero who is betrayed by a femme fatale (Lizabeth Scott).

Cromwell had gone more than 10 years without a misfire, an incredible streak that even the greatest directors would be hard pressed to match, but Night Song (1947), with Dana Andrews as a blind pianist, ended his run. He rebounded in 1950 with Caged, one of the best (and most harrowing) of the women’s prison pictures; Eleanor Parker was cast against type as the new inmate who must learn the ropes.

Later work

Returning to RKO, Cromwell made The Company She Keeps (1951), with Scott as a parole officer and Jane Greer as an ex-convict, both of whom have set their sights on a newspaper columnist (Dennis O’Keefe). Later in 1951 he directed The Racket, which was based on the play that had helped launch his Hollywood career. However, Cromwell left the production before the film wrapped, and Nicholas Ray was among several directors who oversaw some of the later scenes.

Amid the House Un-American Activities Committee’s Hollywood witchhunts, Cromwell’s career soured. Howard Hughes accused him of being a communist, and although the charge was false, Cromwell was blacklisted. Unable to work in motion pictures, he returned to the stage, where he had occasionally performed between directing assignments. In 1952 he appeared with Fonda in the Broadway production of Point of No Return, for which he won a Tony Award.

In 1958 Cromwell was removed from the blacklist, and that year he directed The Goddess, writer Paddy Chayefsky’s dissection of the Marilyn Monroe phenomenon, with Kim Stanley as a troubled actress. The Scavengers (1959) was his last Hollywood film, and in 1961 he ended his film-directing career with A Matter of Morals, a low-budget drama made in Sweden. Cromwell continued to act on the stage, however, and late in life he returned to the screen in two Robert Altman films, 3 Women (1977) and A Wedding (1978). In 1960 Cromwell was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. His son James Cromwell was a noted actor.