• ancient Rome

  / The reign of Constantine
• Praetorian Guard
• clergy
• Major Events in the Life of Constantine I
• cross

  / History
• prefect
• St. Peter the Apostle

  / Tradition of Peter in Rome

• Constans I
• Constantius II
• Crispus
• Eusebius of Caesarea
• St. Helena
• Hosius Of Córdoba
• Licinius
• Roman religion

  / The Sun and stars
• St. Sylvester I

• basilica

  / Ancient Roman design
• Hagia Sophia

  / History

• Western sculpture

  / 3rd and 4th centuries

• Byzantine Empire
• Istanbul
• Istanbul

  / Government
• papal conclave

  / Papal election in the early church
• France

  / Gaul under the late Roman Empire (c. 250–c. 400)
• Italy

  / The Investiture Controversy
• Jerusalem

  / Roman rule
• history of Europe

  / Late antiquity: the reconfiguration of the Roman world
• history of Europe

  / The organization of late imperial Christianity
• North Africa

  / Later Roman Empire
• North Africa

  / Christianity and the Donatist controversy
• Palestine

  / Roman Palestine
• ancient Rome

  / Struggle for power
• serfdom

• mystery religion

  / Roman imperial times

• crucifixion
• Hellenistic religion

  / Religion from Commodus to Theodosius I: ad 180–395
• Mithraism

  / History
• mystery religion

  / Mystery religions and Christianity

Biographies and commentaries

Two accounts remain classic: ch. 14–18 of Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, edited by J.B. Bury, vol. 1 and 2 (1896), available also in many later editions; and Jacob Burckhardt, The Age of Constantine the Great (1949, reissued 1983; originally published in German, 1880). Norman H. Baynes, Constantine the Great and the Christian Church (1930, reprinted 1975), is still a fundamental study, emphasizing the authenticity of Constantine’s own writings. See also A.H.M. Jones, Constantine and the Conversion of Europe (1948, reissued 1978), and The Later Roman Empire, 284–602, 2 vol. (1964, reprinted 1986); Andrew Alföldi, The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome, trans. from German (1948, reprinted 1969); Joseph Vogt, Constantin der Grosse und sein Jahrhundert, 2nd rev. ed. (1960); and Ramsay MacMullen, Constantine (1969, reissued 1971). Timothy D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (1981), and The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine (1982), are basic reappraisals of the political and religious background of Constantine’s career. On the foundation of Constantinople, see Gilbert Dagron, Naissance d’une capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 á 451 (1974). On Constantine’s church building, see Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 3rd ed. rev. (1981).

Sources

For Constantine’s letters, see especially the modern translations of Eusebius, Church History, Book X, and Life of Constantine, both in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series, vol. 1 (1961); and Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, edited and translated by J.L. Creed (1984), part of the “Oxford Early Christian Texts” series. Eusebius’ panegyrics of Constantine are translated and discussed in H.A. Drake, In Praise of Constantine: A Historical Study and New Translation of Eusebius’ Tricennial Orations (1976). The ancient secular accounts are scanty; the fullest account, although with a hostile bias, is Zosimus, Historia nova, available in a modern translation by Ronald T. Ridley, New History (1982). The bulk of Constantine’s surviving legislation is in the Codex Theodosianus, in an edition translated by Clyde Pharr, The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions (1952, reissued 1969).