Ask the Chatbot Games & Quizzes History & Society Science & Tech Biographies Animals & Nature Geography & Travel Arts & Culture ProCon Money Videos
Alexander Hamilton
Quotes References & Edit History Quick Facts & Related Topics
Images & Videos
Oil portrait by John Trumbull of Alexander Hamilton, shown from the waist up in a tan coat and white cravat, gazing to his left against a dark background. Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Hamilton on U.S. $10 bill Portrait of Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, showing Hamilton in a dark coat and white cravat, looking slightly to his left against a dark background.
Explore Thomas Jefferson's feuds with Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
Washington's Farewell Address Face-off: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr Bronze statues of Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr with dueling pistols face each other in a grand hall at the Museum of American Finance in Manhattan. Lin-Manuel Miranda and the cast of Hamilton perform onstage in Revolutionary War-era costumes, with dramatic lighting and a brick set behind them.
At a Glance
Portrait of Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, showing Hamilton in a dark coat and white cravat, looking slightly to his left against a dark background.
Alexander Hamilton summary
Quizzes
Washington Monument. Washington Monument and fireworks, Washington DC. The Monument was built as an obelisk near the west end of the National Mall to commemorate the first U.S. president, General George Washington.
All-American History Quiz
Betsy Ross Flag. United states
The American Revolution
The original copy of the constitution of the United States; housed in the National Archives, Washington, D.C.
American History and Politics Quiz
Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, by Percy Moran, circa 1911. Saratoga Campaign, American Revolution, Revolutionary War.
Understanding the American Revolution
Related Questions

Alexander Hamilton: References & Edit History

Additional Reading

Hamilton’s public and private life is examined in Nathan Schachner, Alexander Hamilton (1946, reissued 1961), well-balanced and readable; Broadus Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton, 2 vol. (1957–62), a scholarly study; and John Chester Miller, Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation (2004; originally published as Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox, 1959), strong on his public career. Harvey Flaumenhaft, The Effective Republic: Administration and Constitution in the Thought of Alexander Hamilton (1992); and Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, collector’s ed. (1995), reexamine his political philosophy. Other biographies include Jacob Ernest Cooke, Alexander Hamilton (1982); Marie B. Hecht, Odd Destiny: The Life of Alexander Hamilton (1982); Richard Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, American (1999); and Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (2004). John Sedgwick, War of Two: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Duel That Stunned the Nation (2015) studies the duel that ended Hamilton’s life. Douglas Ambrose and Robert W.T. Martin (eds.), The Many Faces of Alexander Hamilton: The Life and Legacy of America’s Most Elusive Founding Father (2006), is a collection of essays by leading Hamilton scholars.

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • Alexander DeConde
  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Added cross-reference. Jul 10, 2026
Anniversary information added. Jul 08, 2026
Modified link of Web site: Heritage History - Alexander Hamilton. May 28, 2026
Add new Web site: Heritage History - Alexander Hamilton. Jan 05, 2026
Add new Web site: Florida State College at Jacksonville Pressbooks - U.S. History I: Pre-Colonial to 1865 - Hamilton’s Financial System and The Whiskey Rebellion. Oct 28, 2025
Added cross-references, modernized spellings. Jul 14, 2025
Add new Web site: Digital Commons at Touro Law Center - Alexander Hamilton and Administrative Law: How America’s First Great Public Administrator Informs and Challenges OurGreat Public Administrator Informs and Challenges Our Understanding of Contempo... Jun 20, 2025
Add new Web site: Charleston County Public Library - John Laurens and Hamilton: A Closer Look, Part 1. Apr 11, 2025
Questions and answers added. Feb 18, 2025
Add new Web site: United States Naval Academy - Alexander Hamilton on the Roles and Responsibilities of the Federal Employee. Oct 21, 2024
Add new Web site: The American Revolution Institute - Alexander Hamilton's American Revolution. Sep 09, 2024
Add new Web site: U.S. Army Center of Military History - Alexander Hamilton. May 27, 2024
Add new Web site: American Battlefield Trust - Alexander Hamilton. Apr 15, 2024
First paragraph modernization. Mar 11, 2024
Add new Web site: Library of Congress - Research Guides - Alexander Hamilton, First Secretary of the Treasury Born. Feb 12, 2024
Add new Web site: Free Speech Center at Middle Tennessee State University - Alexander Hamilton. Mar 27, 2023
Add new Web site: National Park Service - Alexander Hamilton. Dec 02, 2022
Corrected display issue. Oct 22, 2020
Corrected display issue. Sep 10, 2020
Add new Web site: The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Alexander Hamilton. Mar 20, 2019
Add new Web site: Colonial America - Biography of Alexander Hamilton. Mar 20, 2019
Changed title of the "Assessment" section to "Legacy." Nov 15, 2017
Add new Web site: PBS - American Experience - Alexander Hamilton. Feb 17, 2017
Revised bibliography. Feb 03, 2017
Added a description of the musical Hamilton. Feb 03, 2017
Add new Web site: America's Story from America's Library - Biography of Alexander Hamilton. Feb 03, 2017
Media added. Sep 14, 2016
Add new Web site: American History - Biography of Alexander Hamilton. Mar 24, 2014
Add new Web site: Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Emily Pauline Johnson. Mar 02, 2014
Added photograph. May 22, 2013
Add new Web site: Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Alexander Hamilton. May 06, 2013
Add new Web site: Social Studies for Kids - Biography of Alexander Hamilton. May 06, 2013
Added photographs. Aug 01, 2011
Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - History - Biography of Alexander Hamilton. Nov 05, 2008
Article revised and updated. Sep 17, 2007
Bibliography revised. Jan 25, 2007
add parenthetical reference (later Democratic-Republican Party) next to Republican Party reference May 18, 2006
Added new Web site: ColonialHall.com - Biography of Alexander Hamilton. May 10, 2006
Article revised. Dec 11, 2002
Article revised. Aug 23, 2002
Article revised. May 11, 2001
Article added to new online database. Jul 20, 1998
View Changes:
Article History
Revised:
By: