How did Rotterdam contribute to the development of gabber and hardcore techno?

Rotterdam played a pivotal role in the evolution of electronic dance music by serving as the birthplace of hardcore, also known as gabber.1

This genre emerged from the city's local club scene as a distinct, aggressive evolution of techno. Gabber is characterized by its high-tempo, intense sound, which is often marked by noisy textures and the incorporation of samples from heavy-metal music. The influence of this Rotterdam-born style eventually led to the development of further variations, such as "hardstyle".1