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Wisdom, in philosophy, is the ability to understand inner qualities and relationships, often gained through experience. It's distinct from mere intelligence or book learning. Early Greek philosophers, like Thales, were considered "wise men" for their practical wisdom and ability to apply knowledge.12

In Islamic thought, "wisdom" (hikmah) represents a synthesis of theology, philosophy, and mysticism. This approach, championed by figures like al-Ghazālī, aimed to integrate ancient Greek philosophical traditions with Islamic principles, often through personal experience and direct vision. This pursuit of wisdom sought to explain the universe and its connection to God.34

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