ʿulamāʾ

ʿulamāʾ, the learned of Islam, those who possess the quality of ʿilm, “learning,” in its widest sense. From the ʿulamāʾ, who are versed theoretically and practically in the Muslim sciences, come the religious teachers of the Islamic community—theologians, canon lawyers (muftis), judges (qadis), professors—and high state religious officials like the shaykh al-Islām. In a narrower sense, ʿulamāʾ may refer to a council of learned men holding government appointments in a Muslim state. Historically, the ʿulamāʾ...