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A time series is a collection of data points gathered sequentially over time, typically at regular intervals like days, weeks, or years. The primary goal of analyzing time series data is to forecast future values. For example, governments forecast economic indicators like GDP, and companies predict product sales.12

Statistical forecasting methods are commonly used. Two prominent approaches are the Box-Jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, which assume a probability model generates the data and that future values relate to past values and errors, and econometric models. Econometric models forecast a time series using related time series and past values, often through regression analysis.1

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