tianzi

Chinese religion

Also known as: Son of Heaven

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Last updated

July 14, 2026

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The term "Tianzi" (天子), meaning "Son of Heaven," refers to the Chinese emperor, whose right to rule was believed to be granted by "Tian" (天), the supreme power in Chinese religion. This concept, known as the Mandate of Heaven (Tianming), originated in the Zhou dynasty.12

The emperor's mandate was conditional on his virtuous conduct. If he ruled immorally or tyrannically, it was believed that Tian would withdraw its mandate, potentially leading to revolution. This belief influenced historical interpretations, with the downfall of dynasties often attributed to the moral failings of their last rulers. Tian itself could represent a deity, nature, or both, and was closely identified with Shangdi, the "Supreme Ruler". Sacrifices were offered to Tian and Shangdi by the king and later the emperor, reflecting their perceived influence on fertility and prosperity.12

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tian
…as Son of Heaven (tianzi), and their authority was believed to emanate from tian. Beginning in the Zhou dynasty, sovereignty was explained by the concept of the mandate of heaven (tianming). This was a grant of authority that depended not on divine right but on virtue. Indeed, this authority…
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…as Son of Heaven (tianzi), and their authority was believed to emanate from tian. Beginning in the Zhou dynasty, sovereignty was explained by the concept of the mandate of heaven (tianming). This was a grant of authority that depended not on divine right but on virtue. Indeed, this authority…
Read More