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The thetes were the lowest social class in ancient Greece, particularly in Athens. They were primarily distinguished by their lack of property and their reliance on manual labor, often working as agricultural laborers, craftsmen, or rowers in the navy.12

Before reforms, the thetes and the hoplite class (citizen-soldiers who could afford their own armor) often had aligned interests, as both were excluded from holding the high office of archon until later periods. While slaves formed the lowest rung of society, many thetes likely owned slaves themselves. The leisure provided by slave labor may have allowed thetes, like other classes, to participate in politics and philosophy. The thetes played a crucial role in the Athenian navy, forming the backbone of its fleet.12

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