Nick Kent, “Morrissey, the Majesty of Melancholia, and the Light that Never Goes Out in Smiths-dom,” in his The Dark Stuff (1994), pp. 202–211, examines Morrissey’s unhappy childhood and persecuted adolescence in Manchester, the seedbed for the singer’s pursuit of fame as a type of revenge. The essay by Simon Reynolds, “Morrissey,” in his Blissed Out: The Raptures of Rock (1990), pp.15–29, is based on an interview and defends the singer’s glamorization of failure, neurasthenia, and unrequited love as a rebellion against the 1980s culture of health and efficiency and compulsory happiness. Jon Savage, “Morrissey: The Escape Artist,” in his Time Travel: Pop, Media, and Sexuality, 1976–96 (1996), pp. 257–264, compares Morrissey to the hero of Billy Liar, the 1960s novel and film about a doomed dreamer who never leaves his northern England hometown, and analyzes the singer’s love-hate relationship with Manchester and his increasing isolation from contemporary pop culture on the eve of the 1990s. Michael Bracewell, England Is Mine: Pop Life in Albion from Wilde to Goldie (1997), celebrates Morrissey, often criticized for his parochial nostalgia for a lost 1960s Britain, as the last of a dying breed of quintessentially English pop aesthetes.