What are military tactics?

Military tactics involve the art and science of engaging in battles on land, sea, and air. They encompass how to approach combat, the arrangement of troops, the utilization of various weapons, ships, or aircraft, and the implementation of movements for both attack and defense. Tactics are influenced by circumstances such as terrain, weather, organization, weaponry, and the enemy. Victory often depends on understanding and utilizing the terrain by occupying dominant ground, utilizing cover, or compelling the enemy to fight on unsuitable terrain. The most effective tactic involves creating dilemmas for the enemy, like outflanking or encircling to divide their forces. Tactical science systematically describes battle activities, while tactical art is the skill to execute them in combat.

Why are tactics important in battles?

Tactics are crucial in battles because they involve employing both force and guile to overcome the enemy while minimizing one's own destruction. Effective tactics require concentrating forces at the right time and place, or using dispersion and deception. Victory often depends on understanding and utilizing the terrain to gain an advantage, such as occupying dominant ground or compelling the enemy to fight in unsuitable conditions. Ultimately, the correct application of tactics determines the outcome of battle.

What are some common examples of military tactics?

Military tactics involve the art and science of engaging in battles on land, sea, and air, focusing on approaching combat, troop deployment, and executing attack or defense maneuvers. Commanders often try to place their enemy in a dilemma, creating situations where all options have negative consequences. Armies can achieve this aim through force or guile. Examples of tactics include: * Concentrating forces in time and place * Using guile by dispersing, hiding, and feinting * Outflanking or encircling the enemy to divide their forces * Employing a pincer movement , where coordinated forces attack an enemy position from different directions * Vertical envelopment to seize key objectives in the enemy's rear

How do tactics differ from military strategy?

Strategy and tactics are related but distinct concepts in military science. Tactics are the methods used in battle, while strategy involves creating the conditions for those battles to occur under the most favorable circumstances. Tactics are the activities of battle, employing skill to execute them in combat. They depend on terrain, weather, weaponry, and the enemy's characteristics. The fundamental principles involve concentrating force in time and place, or using guile through dispersion and feints. Strategy is a careful plan to achieve a goal, often over a long period. It is the art of employing political, economic, psychological, and military forces to support adopted policies in peace or war. A military strategy meets the enemy in combat under advantageous conditions. The distinction emerged in the 18th century when fighting was seen as one part of war. Tactics retained the art of fighting, while strategy gained the role of making the fight favorable and exploiting it afterward.

How have military tactics changed over time?

Military tactics have evolved significantly throughout history, influenced by technology, terrain, and the need to outmaneuver the enemy. Primitive tactics relied on ambush and raids, using terrain for concealment and surprise attacks. As weapons advanced, formal frontal encounters became common, with warriors displaying individual skills. The Industrial Revolution brought rapid changes, with more reliable and accurate firearms and artillery. This led to dispersed formations and longer battlefronts. In the 20th century, World War I saw the rise of trench warfare, characterized by static lines and devastating firepower. Blitzkrieg in World War II introduced swift, coordinated attacks. Modern tactics emphasize combined-arms operations and the integration of land, sea, and air forces.

How does technology influence modern military tactics?

Modern military tactics are significantly influenced by technology, affecting both the coordination and the means of engagement in warfare. Contemporary technology has amplified the influence of naval forces on land events through aircraft and missiles, while land-based systems increasingly impact warships and sea lanes. Drones, for example, enable the execution of military objectives with reduced costs in money, manpower, and political consequences, limiting the scope, scale, and casualties of military actions. Cyberwarfare is also an increasing concern, with computers and networks becoming essential to modern society, creating vulnerabilities. This has led to cyberattacks becoming a prominent feature in armed conflicts.

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tactics

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Martin van Creveld

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History

Fundamentals

Evolution of the term

The word tactics originates in the Greek taxis, meaning order, arrangement, or disposition—including the kind of disposition in which armed formations used to enter and fight battles. From this, the Greek historian Xenophon derived the term tactica, the art of drawing up soldiers in array. Likewise, the Tactica, an early 10th-century handbook said to have been written under the supervision of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise, dealt with formations as well as weapons and the ways of fighting with them.

The term tactics fell into disuse during the European Middle Ages. It reappeared only toward the end of the 17th century, when “Tacticks” was used by the English encyclopaedist John Harris to mean “the Art of Disposing any Number of Men into a proposed form of Battle.” Further development took place toward the end of the 18th century. Until then, authors had considered fighting to be almost the sum total of war; now, however, it began to be regarded as merely one part of war. The art of fighting itself continued to carry the name tactics, whereas that of making the fight take place under the most favourable circumstances, as well as utilizing it after it had taken place, was given a new name: strategy.

Since then, the terms tactics and strategy have usually marched together, but over time each has acquired both a prescriptive and a descriptive meaning. There have also been attempts to distinguish between minor tactics, the art of fighting individuals or small units, and grand tactics, a term coined about 1780 by the French military author Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert to describe the conduct of major battles. However, this distinction seems to have been lost recently, and the concept of grand tactics has been replaced by the concept of the so-called operational level of war. This may be because, as will be discussed below, battle in the classical sense—that is, of a pitched encounter between the belligerents’ main forces—no longer exists.

Civil War era cannon overlooks Kennesaw Mountain National Battle. (military, artillery, American history)

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Victory through force and guile

The tactics adopted by each separate army on each separate occasion depend on such circumstances as terrain, weather, organization, weaponry, and the enemy in addition to the purpose at hand. Nevertheless, while circumstances and purposes vary, the fundamental principles of tactics, like those of strategy, are eternal. At bottom they derive from the fact that, in war, two forces, each of which is free to exercise its independent will, meet in an attempt to destroy each other while at the same time attempting to avoid being destroyed. To achieve this double aim, they can rely on either force or guile. Assuming the two sides to be approximately equal—in other words, that neither is so strong as to be able to ride roughshod over the other (in which case tactics are hardly required)—a combination of both force and guile is necessary.

To employ force, it is necessary to concentrate in time and place. To employ guile, it is necessary to disperse, hide, and feint. Force is best generated by taking the shortest route toward the objective and focusing all available resources on one and the same action, whereas guile implies dispersion, the use of circuitous paths, and never doing the same thing twice. These two factors, most conducive to victory in battle, are not complementary; on the contrary, they can normally be employed only at each other’s expense. In this way tactics (as well as strategy) are subject to a peculiar logic—one similar to that of competitive games such as football or chess but radically different from that governing technological activities such as construction or engineering, where there is no living, thinking opponent capable of reacting to one’s moves. To describe this kind of logic, the American military writer Edward Luttwak has used the term paradoxical. The title is apt, but the idea is as old as warfare itself.

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The single most effective means available to the tactician consists of putting his enemy on the horns of a dilemma—deliberately creating a situation in which he is “damned if he does and damned if he does not.” For example, commanders have always attempted to outflank or encircle the enemy, thus dividing his forces and compelling him to face in two directions at once. Another example, well known to the early modern age, consisted of confronting the enemy with coordinated attacks by cavalry and cannon—the former to force him to close ranks, the latter to compel him to open them. A good 20th-century example was the World War I practice—revived by the Iraqis in their war against Iran in the 1980s—of shelling the enemy’s front with a combination of high explosive and gas. The former was designed to compel him to seek cover, the latter, being heavier than air, to abandon it on pain of suffocation.

tactics

Fundamentals

Evolution of the term

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Victory through force and guile