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During the 1950s there had been no distinctive “Sound of California,” but in the decade that followed there were several. Capitol Records, after long disdaining the youth market, released a series of records by the Beach Boys celebrating cars, surfing, and girls. The group’s glee-club harmonies and clean-cut image contrasted sharply with the rougher sounds and images of musicians in the rest of the country. Equally distinctive musical styles emanated from companies formed by three...