rectification of names

The term "rectification of names" (or mingjiao) in Chinese philosophy, particularly within Confucianism, refers to the idea that names or titles should correspond to reality and one's actual role or function in society. This concept emphasizes the importance of social duties, ritual, and law.1

Confucianism, which had been the official ideology during the Han dynasty, lost prestige by the 3rd century CE due to the empire's disintegration. This led to a revival of various schools of thought, including a renewed interest in Daoism and a blend of Confucian and Legalist ideas that formed mingjiao. This doctrine stressed that individuals should live up to the responsibilities associated with their social roles, such as being a proper ruler, subject, or parent. A key figure associated with Confucianism, Zengzi, a disciple of Confucius, emphasized virtues like loyalty and filial piety, which align with the principle of fulfilling one's societal roles.12