qifu

The term "qifu" refers to "dragon robes," which were traditional court attire in China worn by men and women of imperial, noble, and official rank during the Qing dynasty. These robes were characterized by long, kimono-style sleeves ending in "horsehoof" cuffs and a closely fitted neckline. The skirt of the qifu cleared the ground for easy walking, with men's garments featuring slits for riding.1

The designs on qifu were elaborately patterned with dragons, clouds, mountains, and waves, with specific arrangements and colors indicating rank. Emperors' robes, often yellow or blue, were distinguished by 12 imperial symbols. While distinctions in rank were indicated by colors and pattern variations, these were not always easily recognizable due to the number of people wearing qifu.1

Qufu, a city in Shandong province, is historically significant as the birthplace of Confucius and the residence of his descendants, the Kong family, who were guardians of Confucian temples and administrators of the town. The entire complex of Confucian temples, tombs, and memorials in Qufu was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1994.2