professionalism

professionalism, the standards, practices, or motivations associated with a profession.

The concepts of professionalism, profession, and professionalization have received considerable and sometimes critical attention in sociology. In early British and American analyses, professionalism was identified as an occupational value that was important for the stability and civility of social systems. In those interpretations, professional relations were characterized as collegial, cooperative, and mutually supportive. Relations of trust characterized practitioner-client and practitioner-management interactions, as competence was assumed to be guaranteed by education, by training, and sometimes by licensing.

However, a second, more cynical interpretation of professionalism grew out of the more critical literature on professions that was prominent in Anglo-American analyses in the 1970s and ’80s. During that period, professionalism came to be dismissed as a successful ideology and professionalization as a process of dominance over an occupation or a market. Professionalization, according to that interpretation, was intended to promote professionals’ own occupational self-interest with respect to salary, status, and power, as well as monopoly protection of an occupational jurisdiction. Professionalization was a process largely initiated and controlled by the practitioners themselves through their professional institutions and associations in order to promote and protect their own interests.

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football: Professionalism

A third and later development involved the analysis of professionalism as a discourse of occupational change and control, especially in work organizations in which such discourse was increasingly applied and utilized by managers. There is an important difference between the discourse of professionalism as constructed “from within” (by the occupational group itself) and as constructed “from above” (by managers in work organizations). When the discourse is constructed from within, the benefits to the group can be substantial. The occupational group uses the discourse to construct its occupational identity, promoting its image with clients and customers, and in bargaining with states to secure and promote the occupational control of work by practitioners. In contrast, when the discourse is constructed from above, it is usually false or selective and used to facilitate occupational change and rationalization. The effects are not the occupational control of work by the practitioners but rather control by the organizational managers and supervisors. Organizational objectives define practitioner-client relations and set achievement targets and performance indicators. Organizational objectives regulate and replace occupational control of practitioner-client work interactions, thereby limiting the exercise of discretion and undermining the service ethic that has been important in professional work.

Professionalism as an occupational value can be threatened by the imperatives of efficiency and effectiveness emphasized by the managerial control of work. The American sociologist Talcott Parsons argued that the professions, by means of their collegial organization and shared identity, demonstrated an alternative to the managerial hierarchy of organizations. Studies conducted in the early 21st century demonstrated that professionalism presents advantages for both clients and practitioners over other ways of organizing work in contemporary societies (such as managerial or market-based organization). Those studies highlighted the importance of maintaining professionalism—along with trust, competence, and discretion—as the main organizing principles for service work in modern societies.