prapatti

…ce) taught the path of prapatti, or complete surrender to God. The philosophers Ramanuja (11th century), Madhva, and Nimbarka (c. 12th century) developed theistic systems of Vedanta and severely criticized Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta.

According to Vedantadeshika’s interpretation of prapatti (surrender to the grace of God), some effort is required on the part of the worshiper to secure God’s grace, just as the baby monkey must hold to its mother (the markata-nyaya, or the “analogy of the monkey”). This view—together with ritual and linguistic…