political polarization

Political polarization refers to the division of a society's opinions, beliefs, or interests into two sharply distinct and opposing extremes. This phenomenon is characterized by a diminishing political center and increasing animosity between groups, making compromise and effective governance difficult.123

Political polarization can be fueled by identity politics, where mobilization occurs along ethnic, racial, or religious lines rather than through programmatic platforms. This can lead to a zero-sum perception of politics, where one group's gain is seen as another's loss. When polarization is substantial, individuals may become unwilling to accommodate opposing viewpoints, potentially leading to political instability and a weakening of democratic institutions. This division can also manifest as extreme partisanship, where loyalty to one's political party or ideology overrides cooperation and national interest.4235