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Political philosophy
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The Code of Hammurabi diorite stela, with carved figures at the top showing Hammurabi seated with cuneiform inscriptions below. The Greek philosopher Plato Marble bust of Aristotle with a beard and draped robe, showing detailed facial features and wavy hair, set against a dark background. Marble bust of Marcus Tullius Cicero, shown with short hair and draped clothing, displayed against a black background. Christian bishop and theologian St. Augustine Mosaic portrait of Emperor Justinian I with a jeweled crown and halo, from the 6th-century Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. St. Thomas Aquinas Domenico di Michelino: Dante Reading from the Divine Comedy Portrait of Niccolo Machiavelli by Santi di Tito shows Machiavelli in black and red robes, holding a document, against a plain background. Portrait of Benedict de Spinoza, 17th-century Dutch-Jewish philosopher, with shoulder-length dark hair, white collar, and black robe, set against a dark background.
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The Code of Hammurabi diorite stela, with carved figures at the top showing Hammurabi seated with cuneiform inscriptions below.
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Images

Code of Hammurabi
Diorite stela inscribed with the Code of Hammurabi, 18th century bce.
© Art Media—Print Collector/Getty Images
The Greek philosopher Plato
Plato, marble portrait bust copied from an original of the 4th century bce;...
© DeAgostini/SuperStock
Aristotle
Aristotle, marble portrait bust, Roman copy (2nd century bce)...
© A. Dagli Orti—De Agostini/Getty Images
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero, detail of a marble bust; in the Capitoline Museums, Rome.
© AISA—Everett/Shutterstock.com
Christian bishop and theologian St. Augustine
St. Augustine of Hippo, undated engraving.
Lanmas/Alamy
Justinian I
Justinian I, detail of a 6th-century mosaic at the Church of San Vitale, Ravenna,...
© A. De Gregorio—De Agostini/Getty Images
St. Thomas Aquinas
St. Thomas Aquinas, from the Demidoff Altarpiece, tempera on poplar by Carlo...
Art Collection/Alamy
Domenico di Michelino: Dante Reading from the Divine Comedy
Dante Reading from the Divine Comedy, painting by Domenico di Michelino,...
© Alfred Dagli Orti—REX/Shutterstock.com
Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli, oil painting by Santi di Tito; in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.
© brandstaetter images—Hulton Fine Art Collection/Getty Images
Benedict de Spinoza
Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinoza, oil painting, 17th century; in the Herzogliche...
Hulton Fine Art Collection/Getty Images
John Locke
The philosopher John Locke, oil on canvas by Herman Verelst, 1689; in the National...
Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/REX/Shutterstock.com
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, drawing in pastels by Maurice-Quentin de La Tour, 1753; in...
Courtesy of the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Geneva; photograph, Jean Arlaud
Jeremy Bentham: auto-icon
English philosopher and economist Jeremy Bentham's preserved skeleton in his own...
Universal History Archive/UIG/Shutterstock.com
Thomas Jefferson
U.S. Pres. Thomas Jefferson.
© John Parrot—Stocktrek Images/Getty Images
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, engraving by Lazarus Gottlieb Sichling...
Courtesy Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, Portrait Collection 21/32
Karl Marx
Revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and economist Karl Marx.
From "Karl Marx's Oekonomische Lehren", by Karl Kautsky, 1887
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin, 1918.
Tass/Sovfoto
György Lukács
Hungarian Marxist philosopher György Lukács.
© Keystone—Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Antonio Gramsci
Italian politician and philosopher Antonio Gramsci, c. 1920.
Universal History Archive—Universal Images Group/Getty Images
Herbert Marcuse
German-born American political philosopher Herbert Marcuse, 1968.
Everett Collection Historical/Alamy
Jürgen Habermas
German philosopher Jürgen Habermas, Berlin.
© 360b/Shutterstock.com
John Rawls
The leading political philosopher of the 20th century, John Rawls espoused a philosophy...
Harvard University News office
Robert Nozick
The libertarian philosopher Robert Nozick.
Harvard University News Office
Paul-Michel Foucault
Paul-Michel Foucault.
Alexis Duclos/AP/REX/Shutterstock.com
Jacques Derrida
French philosopher of deconstruction Jacques Derrida, 1994.
Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/Alamy
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