polarization

Polarization, in a sociological context, refers to the division of a group or society into two sharply distinct and opposing extremes. This occurs when opinions, beliefs, or interests no longer fall along a continuum but become concentrated at opposite ends. This phenomenon can be exacerbated by factors like political competition diminishing and political fragmentation increasing, making it harder for governments to enact policies that benefit the majority.12

Identity politics can also contribute to polarization, as competition over indivisible goods like race or religion often results in a zero-sum outcome where one group's gain is another's loss. This can lead to a less competitive political environment and a greater willingness for factions to resort to antidemocratic alternatives if their preferences are consistently unmet through democratic channels.2