office

Office automation represents a further mechanization of office work, a process that began with the introduction of the typewriter and the adding machine in the 19th century. The introduction of computers also affected the organization of work in the information sector of the…

processing, electronic mail, and office automation are integrated with desktop computers, printers, database systems, and other tools using wireless networks and widespread Internet access. Such changes ultimately make office work much more efficient, though not without cost for purchasing and frequently upgrading the necessary hardware and software as well…

Office furniture in the widest sense of the term has undergone rapid developments since the mid-19th century. Such pieces as high desks used by clerks and large rolltop desks were replaced by carefully designed standard workstations with side cupboards, typewriter tables, filing cabinets, and office…