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The "oddity problem" is a concept within learning theory. It describes a type of learning where a subject, even an animal like a pigeon, can be trained to identify an "odd" item from a set of similar items. For example, presented with two round figures and one triangular figure, the subject learns to pick out the triangular one. This demonstrates the ability to grasp a principle rather than just memorizing specific examples. This type of learning involves distinguishing what is different or unusual from what is regular or expected.

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